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This commit is contained in:
Jan Groß
2017-07-20 18:02:16 +02:00
parent 2ab406905d
commit 5c348ffe84
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venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/werkzeug/__init__.py Normal file
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug
~~~~~~~~
Werkzeug is the Swiss Army knife of Python web development.
It provides useful classes and functions for any WSGI application to make
the life of a python web developer much easier. All of the provided
classes are independent from each other so you can mix it with any other
library.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from types import ModuleType
import sys
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
__version__ = '0.12.2'
# This import magic raises concerns quite often which is why the implementation
# and motivation is explained here in detail now.
#
# The majority of the functions and classes provided by Werkzeug work on the
# HTTP and WSGI layer. There is no useful grouping for those which is why
# they are all importable from "werkzeug" instead of the modules where they are
# implemented. The downside of that is, that now everything would be loaded at
# once, even if unused.
#
# The implementation of a lazy-loading module in this file replaces the
# werkzeug package when imported from within. Attribute access to the werkzeug
# module will then lazily import from the modules that implement the objects.
# import mapping to objects in other modules
all_by_module = {
'werkzeug.debug': ['DebuggedApplication'],
'werkzeug.local': ['Local', 'LocalManager', 'LocalProxy', 'LocalStack',
'release_local'],
'werkzeug.serving': ['run_simple'],
'werkzeug.test': ['Client', 'EnvironBuilder', 'create_environ',
'run_wsgi_app'],
'werkzeug.testapp': ['test_app'],
'werkzeug.exceptions': ['abort', 'Aborter'],
'werkzeug.urls': ['url_decode', 'url_encode', 'url_quote',
'url_quote_plus', 'url_unquote', 'url_unquote_plus',
'url_fix', 'Href', 'iri_to_uri', 'uri_to_iri'],
'werkzeug.formparser': ['parse_form_data'],
'werkzeug.utils': ['escape', 'environ_property', 'append_slash_redirect',
'redirect', 'cached_property', 'import_string',
'dump_cookie', 'parse_cookie', 'unescape',
'format_string', 'find_modules', 'header_property',
'html', 'xhtml', 'HTMLBuilder', 'validate_arguments',
'ArgumentValidationError', 'bind_arguments',
'secure_filename'],
'werkzeug.wsgi': ['get_current_url', 'get_host', 'pop_path_info',
'peek_path_info', 'SharedDataMiddleware',
'DispatcherMiddleware', 'ClosingIterator', 'FileWrapper',
'make_line_iter', 'LimitedStream', 'responder',
'wrap_file', 'extract_path_info'],
'werkzeug.datastructures': ['MultiDict', 'CombinedMultiDict', 'Headers',
'EnvironHeaders', 'ImmutableList',
'ImmutableDict', 'ImmutableMultiDict',
'TypeConversionDict',
'ImmutableTypeConversionDict', 'Accept',
'MIMEAccept', 'CharsetAccept',
'LanguageAccept', 'RequestCacheControl',
'ResponseCacheControl', 'ETags', 'HeaderSet',
'WWWAuthenticate', 'Authorization',
'FileMultiDict', 'CallbackDict', 'FileStorage',
'OrderedMultiDict', 'ImmutableOrderedMultiDict'
],
'werkzeug.useragents': ['UserAgent'],
'werkzeug.http': ['parse_etags', 'parse_date', 'http_date', 'cookie_date',
'parse_cache_control_header', 'is_resource_modified',
'parse_accept_header', 'parse_set_header', 'quote_etag',
'unquote_etag', 'generate_etag', 'dump_header',
'parse_list_header', 'parse_dict_header',
'parse_authorization_header',
'parse_www_authenticate_header', 'remove_entity_headers',
'is_entity_header', 'remove_hop_by_hop_headers',
'parse_options_header', 'dump_options_header',
'is_hop_by_hop_header', 'unquote_header_value',
'quote_header_value', 'HTTP_STATUS_CODES'],
'werkzeug.wrappers': ['BaseResponse', 'BaseRequest', 'Request', 'Response',
'AcceptMixin', 'ETagRequestMixin',
'ETagResponseMixin', 'ResponseStreamMixin',
'CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin', 'UserAgentMixin',
'AuthorizationMixin', 'WWWAuthenticateMixin',
'CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin'],
'werkzeug.security': ['generate_password_hash', 'check_password_hash'],
# the undocumented easteregg ;-)
'werkzeug._internal': ['_easteregg']
}
# modules that should be imported when accessed as attributes of werkzeug
attribute_modules = frozenset(['exceptions', 'routing', 'script'])
object_origins = {}
for module, items in iteritems(all_by_module):
for item in items:
object_origins[item] = module
class module(ModuleType):
"""Automatically import objects from the modules."""
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name in object_origins:
module = __import__(object_origins[name], None, None, [name])
for extra_name in all_by_module[module.__name__]:
setattr(self, extra_name, getattr(module, extra_name))
return getattr(module, name)
elif name in attribute_modules:
__import__('werkzeug.' + name)
return ModuleType.__getattribute__(self, name)
def __dir__(self):
"""Just show what we want to show."""
result = list(new_module.__all__)
result.extend(('__file__', '__path__', '__doc__', '__all__',
'__docformat__', '__name__', '__path__',
'__package__', '__version__'))
return result
# keep a reference to this module so that it's not garbage collected
old_module = sys.modules['werkzeug']
# setup the new module and patch it into the dict of loaded modules
new_module = sys.modules['werkzeug'] = module('werkzeug')
new_module.__dict__.update({
'__file__': __file__,
'__package__': 'werkzeug',
'__path__': __path__,
'__doc__': __doc__,
'__version__': __version__,
'__all__': tuple(object_origins) + tuple(attribute_modules),
'__docformat__': 'restructuredtext en'
})
# Due to bootstrapping issues we need to import exceptions here.
# Don't ask :-(
__import__('werkzeug.exceptions')

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# flake8: noqa
# This whole file is full of lint errors
import codecs
import sys
import operator
import functools
import warnings
try:
import builtins
except ImportError:
import __builtin__ as builtins
PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
WIN = sys.platform.startswith('win')
_identity = lambda x: x
if PY2:
unichr = unichr
text_type = unicode
string_types = (str, unicode)
integer_types = (int, long)
iterkeys = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterkeys(*args, **kwargs)
itervalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.itervalues(*args, **kwargs)
iteritems = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iteritems(*args, **kwargs)
iterlists = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterlists(*args, **kwargs)
iterlistvalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterlistvalues(*args, **kwargs)
int_to_byte = chr
iter_bytes = iter
exec('def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):\n raise tp, value, tb')
def fix_tuple_repr(obj):
def __repr__(self):
cls = self.__class__
return '%s(%s)' % (cls.__name__, ', '.join(
'%s=%r' % (field, self[index])
for index, field in enumerate(cls._fields)
))
obj.__repr__ = __repr__
return obj
def implements_iterator(cls):
cls.next = cls.__next__
del cls.__next__
return cls
def implements_to_string(cls):
cls.__unicode__ = cls.__str__
cls.__str__ = lambda x: x.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
return cls
def native_string_result(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
return func(*args, **kwargs).encode('utf-8')
return functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
def implements_bool(cls):
cls.__nonzero__ = cls.__bool__
del cls.__bool__
return cls
from itertools import imap, izip, ifilter
range_type = xrange
from StringIO import StringIO
from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
NativeStringIO = BytesIO
def make_literal_wrapper(reference):
return _identity
def normalize_string_tuple(tup):
"""Normalizes a string tuple to a common type. Following Python 2
rules, upgrades to unicode are implicit.
"""
if any(isinstance(x, text_type) for x in tup):
return tuple(to_unicode(x) for x in tup)
return tup
def try_coerce_native(s):
"""Try to coerce a unicode string to native if possible. Otherwise,
leave it as unicode.
"""
try:
return to_native(s)
except UnicodeError:
return s
wsgi_get_bytes = _identity
def wsgi_decoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
return s.decode(charset, errors)
def wsgi_encoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return s
return s.encode(charset, errors)
def to_bytes(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
if x is None:
return None
if isinstance(x, (bytes, bytearray, buffer)):
return bytes(x)
if isinstance(x, unicode):
return x.encode(charset, errors)
raise TypeError('Expected bytes')
def to_native(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
if x is None or isinstance(x, str):
return x
return x.encode(charset, errors)
else:
unichr = chr
text_type = str
string_types = (str, )
integer_types = (int, )
iterkeys = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.keys(*args, **kwargs))
itervalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.values(*args, **kwargs))
iteritems = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.items(*args, **kwargs))
iterlists = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.lists(*args, **kwargs))
iterlistvalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.listvalues(*args, **kwargs))
int_to_byte = operator.methodcaller('to_bytes', 1, 'big')
iter_bytes = functools.partial(map, int_to_byte)
def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
raise value
fix_tuple_repr = _identity
implements_iterator = _identity
implements_to_string = _identity
implements_bool = _identity
native_string_result = _identity
imap = map
izip = zip
ifilter = filter
range_type = range
from io import StringIO, BytesIO
NativeStringIO = StringIO
_latin1_encode = operator.methodcaller('encode', 'latin1')
def make_literal_wrapper(reference):
if isinstance(reference, text_type):
return _identity
return _latin1_encode
def normalize_string_tuple(tup):
"""Ensures that all types in the tuple are either strings
or bytes.
"""
tupiter = iter(tup)
is_text = isinstance(next(tupiter, None), text_type)
for arg in tupiter:
if isinstance(arg, text_type) != is_text:
raise TypeError('Cannot mix str and bytes arguments (got %s)'
% repr(tup))
return tup
try_coerce_native = _identity
wsgi_get_bytes = _latin1_encode
def wsgi_decoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
return s.encode('latin1').decode(charset, errors)
def wsgi_encoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
if isinstance(s, text_type):
s = s.encode(charset)
return s.decode('latin1', errors)
def to_bytes(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
if x is None:
return None
if isinstance(x, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)): # noqa
return bytes(x)
if isinstance(x, str):
return x.encode(charset, errors)
raise TypeError('Expected bytes')
def to_native(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
if x is None or isinstance(x, str):
return x
return x.decode(charset, errors)
def to_unicode(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict',
allow_none_charset=False):
if x is None:
return None
if not isinstance(x, bytes):
return text_type(x)
if charset is None and allow_none_charset:
return x
return x.decode(charset, errors)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug._internal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides internally used helpers and constants.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
import string
import inspect
from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
from datetime import datetime, date
from itertools import chain
from werkzeug._compat import iter_bytes, text_type, BytesIO, int_to_byte, \
range_type, integer_types
_logger = None
_empty_stream = BytesIO()
_signature_cache = WeakKeyDictionary()
_epoch_ord = date(1970, 1, 1).toordinal()
_cookie_params = set((b'expires', b'path', b'comment',
b'max-age', b'secure', b'httponly',
b'version'))
_legal_cookie_chars = (string.ascii_letters +
string.digits +
u"!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~:").encode('ascii')
_cookie_quoting_map = {
b',': b'\\054',
b';': b'\\073',
b'"': b'\\"',
b'\\': b'\\\\',
}
for _i in chain(range_type(32), range_type(127, 256)):
_cookie_quoting_map[int_to_byte(_i)] = ('\\%03o' % _i).encode('latin1')
_octal_re = re.compile(b'\\\\[0-3][0-7][0-7]')
_quote_re = re.compile(b'[\\\\].')
_legal_cookie_chars_re = b'[\w\d!#%&\'~_`><@,:/\$\*\+\-\.\^\|\)\(\?\}\{\=]'
_cookie_re = re.compile(b"""
(?P<key>[^=]+)
\s*=\s*
(?P<val>
"(?:[^\\\\"]|\\\\.)*" |
(?:.*?)
)
\s*;
""", flags=re.VERBOSE)
class _Missing(object):
def __repr__(self):
return 'no value'
def __reduce__(self):
return '_missing'
_missing = _Missing()
def _get_environ(obj):
env = getattr(obj, 'environ', obj)
assert isinstance(env, dict), \
'%r is not a WSGI environment (has to be a dict)' % type(obj).__name__
return env
def _log(type, message, *args, **kwargs):
"""Log into the internal werkzeug logger."""
global _logger
if _logger is None:
import logging
_logger = logging.getLogger('werkzeug')
# Only set up a default log handler if the
# end-user application didn't set anything up.
if not logging.root.handlers and _logger.level == logging.NOTSET:
_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
handler = logging.StreamHandler()
_logger.addHandler(handler)
getattr(_logger, type)(message.rstrip(), *args, **kwargs)
def _parse_signature(func):
"""Return a signature object for the function."""
if hasattr(func, 'im_func'):
func = func.im_func
# if we have a cached validator for this function, return it
parse = _signature_cache.get(func)
if parse is not None:
return parse
# inspect the function signature and collect all the information
if hasattr(inspect, 'getfullargspec'):
tup = inspect.getfullargspec(func)
else:
tup = inspect.getargspec(func)
positional, vararg_var, kwarg_var, defaults = tup[:4]
defaults = defaults or ()
arg_count = len(positional)
arguments = []
for idx, name in enumerate(positional):
if isinstance(name, list):
raise TypeError('cannot parse functions that unpack tuples '
'in the function signature')
try:
default = defaults[idx - arg_count]
except IndexError:
param = (name, False, None)
else:
param = (name, True, default)
arguments.append(param)
arguments = tuple(arguments)
def parse(args, kwargs):
new_args = []
missing = []
extra = {}
# consume as many arguments as positional as possible
for idx, (name, has_default, default) in enumerate(arguments):
try:
new_args.append(args[idx])
except IndexError:
try:
new_args.append(kwargs.pop(name))
except KeyError:
if has_default:
new_args.append(default)
else:
missing.append(name)
else:
if name in kwargs:
extra[name] = kwargs.pop(name)
# handle extra arguments
extra_positional = args[arg_count:]
if vararg_var is not None:
new_args.extend(extra_positional)
extra_positional = ()
if kwargs and kwarg_var is None:
extra.update(kwargs)
kwargs = {}
return new_args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional, \
arguments, vararg_var, kwarg_var
_signature_cache[func] = parse
return parse
def _date_to_unix(arg):
"""Converts a timetuple, integer or datetime object into the seconds from
epoch in utc.
"""
if isinstance(arg, datetime):
arg = arg.utctimetuple()
elif isinstance(arg, integer_types + (float,)):
return int(arg)
year, month, day, hour, minute, second = arg[:6]
days = date(year, month, 1).toordinal() - _epoch_ord + day - 1
hours = days * 24 + hour
minutes = hours * 60 + minute
seconds = minutes * 60 + second
return seconds
class _DictAccessorProperty(object):
"""Baseclass for `environ_property` and `header_property`."""
read_only = False
def __init__(self, name, default=None, load_func=None, dump_func=None,
read_only=None, doc=None):
self.name = name
self.default = default
self.load_func = load_func
self.dump_func = dump_func
if read_only is not None:
self.read_only = read_only
self.__doc__ = doc
def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
if obj is None:
return self
storage = self.lookup(obj)
if self.name not in storage:
return self.default
rv = storage[self.name]
if self.load_func is not None:
try:
rv = self.load_func(rv)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
rv = self.default
return rv
def __set__(self, obj, value):
if self.read_only:
raise AttributeError('read only property')
if self.dump_func is not None:
value = self.dump_func(value)
self.lookup(obj)[self.name] = value
def __delete__(self, obj):
if self.read_only:
raise AttributeError('read only property')
self.lookup(obj).pop(self.name, None)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %s>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.name
)
def _cookie_quote(b):
buf = bytearray()
all_legal = True
_lookup = _cookie_quoting_map.get
_push = buf.extend
for char in iter_bytes(b):
if char not in _legal_cookie_chars:
all_legal = False
char = _lookup(char, char)
_push(char)
if all_legal:
return bytes(buf)
return bytes(b'"' + buf + b'"')
def _cookie_unquote(b):
if len(b) < 2:
return b
if b[:1] != b'"' or b[-1:] != b'"':
return b
b = b[1:-1]
i = 0
n = len(b)
rv = bytearray()
_push = rv.extend
while 0 <= i < n:
o_match = _octal_re.search(b, i)
q_match = _quote_re.search(b, i)
if not o_match and not q_match:
rv.extend(b[i:])
break
j = k = -1
if o_match:
j = o_match.start(0)
if q_match:
k = q_match.start(0)
if q_match and (not o_match or k < j):
_push(b[i:k])
_push(b[k + 1:k + 2])
i = k + 2
else:
_push(b[i:j])
rv.append(int(b[j + 1:j + 4], 8))
i = j + 4
return bytes(rv)
def _cookie_parse_impl(b):
"""Lowlevel cookie parsing facility that operates on bytes."""
i = 0
n = len(b)
while i < n:
match = _cookie_re.search(b + b';', i)
if not match:
break
key = match.group('key').strip()
value = match.group('val')
i = match.end(0)
# Ignore parameters. We have no interest in them.
if key.lower() not in _cookie_params:
yield _cookie_unquote(key), _cookie_unquote(value)
def _encode_idna(domain):
# If we're given bytes, make sure they fit into ASCII
if not isinstance(domain, text_type):
domain.decode('ascii')
return domain
# Otherwise check if it's already ascii, then return
try:
return domain.encode('ascii')
except UnicodeError:
pass
# Otherwise encode each part separately
parts = domain.split('.')
for idx, part in enumerate(parts):
parts[idx] = part.encode('idna')
return b'.'.join(parts)
def _decode_idna(domain):
# If the input is a string try to encode it to ascii to
# do the idna decoding. if that fails because of an
# unicode error, then we already have a decoded idna domain
if isinstance(domain, text_type):
try:
domain = domain.encode('ascii')
except UnicodeError:
return domain
# Decode each part separately. If a part fails, try to
# decode it with ascii and silently ignore errors. This makes
# most sense because the idna codec does not have error handling
parts = domain.split(b'.')
for idx, part in enumerate(parts):
try:
parts[idx] = part.decode('idna')
except UnicodeError:
parts[idx] = part.decode('ascii', 'ignore')
return '.'.join(parts)
def _make_cookie_domain(domain):
if domain is None:
return None
domain = _encode_idna(domain)
if b':' in domain:
domain = domain.split(b':', 1)[0]
if b'.' in domain:
return domain
raise ValueError(
'Setting \'domain\' for a cookie on a server running locally (ex: '
'localhost) is not supported by complying browsers. You should '
'have something like: \'127.0.0.1 localhost dev.localhost\' on '
'your hosts file and then point your server to run on '
'\'dev.localhost\' and also set \'domain\' for \'dev.localhost\''
)
def _easteregg(app=None):
"""Like the name says. But who knows how it works?"""
def bzzzzzzz(gyver):
import base64
import zlib
return zlib.decompress(base64.b64decode(gyver)).decode('ascii')
gyver = u'\n'.join([x + (77 - len(x)) * u' ' for x in bzzzzzzz(b'''
eJyFlzuOJDkMRP06xRjymKgDJCDQStBYT8BCgK4gTwfQ2fcFs2a2FzvZk+hvlcRvRJD148efHt9m
9Xz94dRY5hGt1nrYcXx7us9qlcP9HHNh28rz8dZj+q4rynVFFPdlY4zH873NKCexrDM6zxxRymzz
4QIxzK4bth1PV7+uHn6WXZ5C4ka/+prFzx3zWLMHAVZb8RRUxtFXI5DTQ2n3Hi2sNI+HK43AOWSY
jmEzE4naFp58PdzhPMdslLVWHTGUVpSxImw+pS/D+JhzLfdS1j7PzUMxij+mc2U0I9zcbZ/HcZxc
q1QjvvcThMYFnp93agEx392ZdLJWXbi/Ca4Oivl4h/Y1ErEqP+lrg7Xa4qnUKu5UE9UUA4xeqLJ5
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XJXl2SK+GJCxtnyhVKv6GFCEB1OO3f9YWAIEbwcRWv/6RPpsEzOkXURMN37J0PoCSYeBnJQd9Giu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''').splitlines()])
def easteregged(environ, start_response):
def injecting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
headers.append(('X-Powered-By', 'Werkzeug'))
return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
if app is not None and environ.get('QUERY_STRING') != 'macgybarchakku':
return app(environ, injecting_start_response)
injecting_start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
return [(u'''
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>About Werkzeug</title>
<style type="text/css">
body { font: 15px Georgia, serif; text-align: center; }
a { color: #333; text-decoration: none; }
h1 { font-size: 30px; margin: 20px 0 10px 0; }
p { margin: 0 0 30px 0; }
pre { font: 11px 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace; line-height: 0.95; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1><a href="http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/">Werkzeug</a></h1>
<p>the Swiss Army knife of Python web development.</p>
<pre>%s\n\n\n</pre>
</body>
</html>''' % gyver).encode('latin1')]
return easteregged

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import os
import sys
import time
import subprocess
import threading
from itertools import chain
from werkzeug._internal import _log
from werkzeug._compat import PY2, iteritems, text_type
def _iter_module_files():
"""This iterates over all relevant Python files. It goes through all
loaded files from modules, all files in folders of already loaded modules
as well as all files reachable through a package.
"""
# The list call is necessary on Python 3 in case the module
# dictionary modifies during iteration.
for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
if module is None:
continue
filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
if filename:
old = None
while not os.path.isfile(filename):
old = filename
filename = os.path.dirname(filename)
if filename == old:
break
else:
if filename[-4:] in ('.pyc', '.pyo'):
filename = filename[:-1]
yield filename
def _find_observable_paths(extra_files=None):
"""Finds all paths that should be observed."""
rv = set(os.path.abspath(x) for x in sys.path)
for filename in extra_files or ():
rv.add(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename)))
for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
fn = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
if fn is None:
continue
fn = os.path.abspath(fn)
rv.add(os.path.dirname(fn))
return _find_common_roots(rv)
def _get_args_for_reloading():
"""Returns the executable. This contains a workaround for windows
if the executable is incorrectly reported to not have the .exe
extension which can cause bugs on reloading.
"""
rv = [sys.executable]
py_script = sys.argv[0]
if os.name == 'nt' and not os.path.exists(py_script) and \
os.path.exists(py_script + '.exe'):
py_script += '.exe'
rv.append(py_script)
rv.extend(sys.argv[1:])
return rv
def _find_common_roots(paths):
"""Out of some paths it finds the common roots that need monitoring."""
paths = [x.split(os.path.sep) for x in paths]
root = {}
for chunks in sorted(paths, key=len, reverse=True):
node = root
for chunk in chunks:
node = node.setdefault(chunk, {})
node.clear()
rv = set()
def _walk(node, path):
for prefix, child in iteritems(node):
_walk(child, path + (prefix,))
if not node:
rv.add('/'.join(path))
_walk(root, ())
return rv
class ReloaderLoop(object):
name = None
# monkeypatched by testsuite. wrapping with `staticmethod` is required in
# case time.sleep has been replaced by a non-c function (e.g. by
# `eventlet.monkey_patch`) before we get here
_sleep = staticmethod(time.sleep)
def __init__(self, extra_files=None, interval=1):
self.extra_files = set(os.path.abspath(x)
for x in extra_files or ())
self.interval = interval
def run(self):
pass
def restart_with_reloader(self):
"""Spawn a new Python interpreter with the same arguments as this one,
but running the reloader thread.
"""
while 1:
_log('info', ' * Restarting with %s' % self.name)
args = _get_args_for_reloading()
new_environ = os.environ.copy()
new_environ['WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN'] = 'true'
# a weird bug on windows. sometimes unicode strings end up in the
# environment and subprocess.call does not like this, encode them
# to latin1 and continue.
if os.name == 'nt' and PY2:
for key, value in iteritems(new_environ):
if isinstance(value, text_type):
new_environ[key] = value.encode('iso-8859-1')
exit_code = subprocess.call(args, env=new_environ,
close_fds=False)
if exit_code != 3:
return exit_code
def trigger_reload(self, filename):
self.log_reload(filename)
sys.exit(3)
def log_reload(self, filename):
filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
_log('info', ' * Detected change in %r, reloading' % filename)
class StatReloaderLoop(ReloaderLoop):
name = 'stat'
def run(self):
mtimes = {}
while 1:
for filename in chain(_iter_module_files(),
self.extra_files):
try:
mtime = os.stat(filename).st_mtime
except OSError:
continue
old_time = mtimes.get(filename)
if old_time is None:
mtimes[filename] = mtime
continue
elif mtime > old_time:
self.trigger_reload(filename)
self._sleep(self.interval)
class WatchdogReloaderLoop(ReloaderLoop):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
ReloaderLoop.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
from watchdog.observers import Observer
from watchdog.events import FileSystemEventHandler
self.observable_paths = set()
def _check_modification(filename):
if filename in self.extra_files:
self.trigger_reload(filename)
dirname = os.path.dirname(filename)
if dirname.startswith(tuple(self.observable_paths)):
if filename.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
self.trigger_reload(filename[:-1])
elif filename.endswith('.py'):
self.trigger_reload(filename)
class _CustomHandler(FileSystemEventHandler):
def on_created(self, event):
_check_modification(event.src_path)
def on_modified(self, event):
_check_modification(event.src_path)
def on_moved(self, event):
_check_modification(event.src_path)
_check_modification(event.dest_path)
def on_deleted(self, event):
_check_modification(event.src_path)
reloader_name = Observer.__name__.lower()
if reloader_name.endswith('observer'):
reloader_name = reloader_name[:-8]
reloader_name += ' reloader'
self.name = reloader_name
self.observer_class = Observer
self.event_handler = _CustomHandler()
self.should_reload = False
def trigger_reload(self, filename):
# This is called inside an event handler, which means throwing
# SystemExit has no effect.
# https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog/issues/294
self.should_reload = True
self.log_reload(filename)
def run(self):
watches = {}
observer = self.observer_class()
observer.start()
while not self.should_reload:
to_delete = set(watches)
paths = _find_observable_paths(self.extra_files)
for path in paths:
if path not in watches:
try:
watches[path] = observer.schedule(
self.event_handler, path, recursive=True)
except OSError:
# Clear this path from list of watches We don't want
# the same error message showing again in the next
# iteration.
watches[path] = None
to_delete.discard(path)
for path in to_delete:
watch = watches.pop(path, None)
if watch is not None:
observer.unschedule(watch)
self.observable_paths = paths
self._sleep(self.interval)
sys.exit(3)
reloader_loops = {
'stat': StatReloaderLoop,
'watchdog': WatchdogReloaderLoop,
}
try:
__import__('watchdog.observers')
except ImportError:
reloader_loops['auto'] = reloader_loops['stat']
else:
reloader_loops['auto'] = reloader_loops['watchdog']
def run_with_reloader(main_func, extra_files=None, interval=1,
reloader_type='auto'):
"""Run the given function in an independent python interpreter."""
import signal
reloader = reloader_loops[reloader_type](extra_files, interval)
signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *args: sys.exit(0))
try:
if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true':
t = threading.Thread(target=main_func, args=())
t.setDaemon(True)
t.start()
reloader.run()
else:
sys.exit(reloader.restart_with_reloader())
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Contains user-submitted code that other users may find useful, but which
is not part of the Werkzeug core. Anyone can write code for inclusion in
the `contrib` package. All modules in this package are distributed as an
add-on library and thus are not part of Werkzeug itself.
This file itself is mostly for informational purposes and to tell the
Python interpreter that `contrib` is a package.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.atom
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides a class called :class:`AtomFeed` which can be
used to generate feeds in the Atom syndication format (see :rfc:`4287`).
Example::
def atom_feed(request):
feed = AtomFeed("My Blog", feed_url=request.url,
url=request.host_url,
subtitle="My example blog for a feed test.")
for post in Post.query.limit(10).all():
feed.add(post.title, post.body, content_type='html',
author=post.author, url=post.url, id=post.uid,
updated=post.last_update, published=post.pub_date)
return feed.get_response()
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from datetime import datetime
from werkzeug.utils import escape
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse
from werkzeug._compat import implements_to_string, string_types
XHTML_NAMESPACE = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'
def _make_text_block(name, content, content_type=None):
"""Helper function for the builder that creates an XML text block."""
if content_type == 'xhtml':
return u'<%s type="xhtml"><div xmlns="%s">%s</div></%s>\n' % \
(name, XHTML_NAMESPACE, content, name)
if not content_type:
return u'<%s>%s</%s>\n' % (name, escape(content), name)
return u'<%s type="%s">%s</%s>\n' % (name, content_type,
escape(content), name)
def format_iso8601(obj):
"""Format a datetime object for iso8601"""
iso8601 = obj.isoformat()
if obj.tzinfo:
return iso8601
return iso8601 + 'Z'
@implements_to_string
class AtomFeed(object):
"""A helper class that creates Atom feeds.
:param title: the title of the feed. Required.
:param title_type: the type attribute for the title element. One of
``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
:param url: the url for the feed (not the url *of* the feed)
:param id: a globally unique id for the feed. Must be an URI. If
not present the `feed_url` is used, but one of both is
required.
:param updated: the time the feed was modified the last time. Must
be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object. If not
present the latest entry's `updated` is used.
Treated as UTC if naive datetime.
:param feed_url: the URL to the feed. Should be the URL that was
requested.
:param author: the author of the feed. Must be either a string (the
name) or a dict with name (required) and uri or
email (both optional). Can be a list of (may be
mixed, too) strings and dicts, too, if there are
multiple authors. Required if not every entry has an
author element.
:param icon: an icon for the feed.
:param logo: a logo for the feed.
:param rights: copyright information for the feed.
:param rights_type: the type attribute for the rights element. One of
``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``. Default is
``'text'``.
:param subtitle: a short description of the feed.
:param subtitle_type: the type attribute for the subtitle element.
One of ``'text'``, ``'html'``, ``'text'``
or ``'xhtml'``. Default is ``'text'``.
:param links: additional links. Must be a list of dictionaries with
href (required) and rel, type, hreflang, title, length
(all optional)
:param generator: the software that generated this feed. This must be
a tuple in the form ``(name, url, version)``. If
you don't want to specify one of them, set the item
to `None`.
:param entries: a list with the entries for the feed. Entries can also
be added later with :meth:`add`.
For more information on the elements see
http://www.atomenabled.org/developers/syndication/
Everywhere where a list is demanded, any iterable can be used.
"""
default_generator = ('Werkzeug', None, None)
def __init__(self, title=None, entries=None, **kwargs):
self.title = title
self.title_type = kwargs.get('title_type', 'text')
self.url = kwargs.get('url')
self.feed_url = kwargs.get('feed_url', self.url)
self.id = kwargs.get('id', self.feed_url)
self.updated = kwargs.get('updated')
self.author = kwargs.get('author', ())
self.icon = kwargs.get('icon')
self.logo = kwargs.get('logo')
self.rights = kwargs.get('rights')
self.rights_type = kwargs.get('rights_type')
self.subtitle = kwargs.get('subtitle')
self.subtitle_type = kwargs.get('subtitle_type', 'text')
self.generator = kwargs.get('generator')
if self.generator is None:
self.generator = self.default_generator
self.links = kwargs.get('links', [])
self.entries = entries and list(entries) or []
if not hasattr(self.author, '__iter__') \
or isinstance(self.author, string_types + (dict,)):
self.author = [self.author]
for i, author in enumerate(self.author):
if not isinstance(author, dict):
self.author[i] = {'name': author}
if not self.title:
raise ValueError('title is required')
if not self.id:
raise ValueError('id is required')
for author in self.author:
if 'name' not in author:
raise TypeError('author must contain at least a name')
def add(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Add a new entry to the feed. This function can either be called
with a :class:`FeedEntry` or some keyword and positional arguments
that are forwarded to the :class:`FeedEntry` constructor.
"""
if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs and isinstance(args[0], FeedEntry):
self.entries.append(args[0])
else:
kwargs['feed_url'] = self.feed_url
self.entries.append(FeedEntry(*args, **kwargs))
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %r (%d entries)>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.title,
len(self.entries)
)
def generate(self):
"""Return a generator that yields pieces of XML."""
# atom demands either an author element in every entry or a global one
if not self.author:
if any(not e.author for e in self.entries):
self.author = ({'name': 'Unknown author'},)
if not self.updated:
dates = sorted([entry.updated for entry in self.entries])
self.updated = dates and dates[-1] or datetime.utcnow()
yield u'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\n'
yield u'<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">\n'
yield ' ' + _make_text_block('title', self.title, self.title_type)
yield u' <id>%s</id>\n' % escape(self.id)
yield u' <updated>%s</updated>\n' % format_iso8601(self.updated)
if self.url:
yield u' <link href="%s" />\n' % escape(self.url)
if self.feed_url:
yield u' <link href="%s" rel="self" />\n' % \
escape(self.feed_url)
for link in self.links:
yield u' <link %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
(k, escape(link[k])) for k in link)
for author in self.author:
yield u' <author>\n'
yield u' <name>%s</name>\n' % escape(author['name'])
if 'uri' in author:
yield u' <uri>%s</uri>\n' % escape(author['uri'])
if 'email' in author:
yield ' <email>%s</email>\n' % escape(author['email'])
yield ' </author>\n'
if self.subtitle:
yield ' ' + _make_text_block('subtitle', self.subtitle,
self.subtitle_type)
if self.icon:
yield u' <icon>%s</icon>\n' % escape(self.icon)
if self.logo:
yield u' <logo>%s</logo>\n' % escape(self.logo)
if self.rights:
yield ' ' + _make_text_block('rights', self.rights,
self.rights_type)
generator_name, generator_url, generator_version = self.generator
if generator_name or generator_url or generator_version:
tmp = [u' <generator']
if generator_url:
tmp.append(u' uri="%s"' % escape(generator_url))
if generator_version:
tmp.append(u' version="%s"' % escape(generator_version))
tmp.append(u'>%s</generator>\n' % escape(generator_name))
yield u''.join(tmp)
for entry in self.entries:
for line in entry.generate():
yield u' ' + line
yield u'</feed>\n'
def to_string(self):
"""Convert the feed into a string."""
return u''.join(self.generate())
def get_response(self):
"""Return a response object for the feed."""
return BaseResponse(self.to_string(), mimetype='application/atom+xml')
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
"""Use the class as WSGI response object."""
return self.get_response()(environ, start_response)
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()
@implements_to_string
class FeedEntry(object):
"""Represents a single entry in a feed.
:param title: the title of the entry. Required.
:param title_type: the type attribute for the title element. One of
``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
:param content: the content of the entry.
:param content_type: the type attribute for the content element. One
of ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
:param summary: a summary of the entry's content.
:param summary_type: the type attribute for the summary element. One
of ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
:param url: the url for the entry.
:param id: a globally unique id for the entry. Must be an URI. If
not present the URL is used, but one of both is required.
:param updated: the time the entry was modified the last time. Must
be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object. Treated as
UTC if naive datetime. Required.
:param author: the author of the entry. Must be either a string (the
name) or a dict with name (required) and uri or
email (both optional). Can be a list of (may be
mixed, too) strings and dicts, too, if there are
multiple authors. Required if the feed does not have an
author element.
:param published: the time the entry was initially published. Must
be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object. Treated as
UTC if naive datetime.
:param rights: copyright information for the entry.
:param rights_type: the type attribute for the rights element. One of
``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``. Default is
``'text'``.
:param links: additional links. Must be a list of dictionaries with
href (required) and rel, type, hreflang, title, length
(all optional)
:param categories: categories for the entry. Must be a list of dictionaries
with term (required), scheme and label (all optional)
:param xml_base: The xml base (url) for this feed item. If not provided
it will default to the item url.
For more information on the elements see
http://www.atomenabled.org/developers/syndication/
Everywhere where a list is demanded, any iterable can be used.
"""
def __init__(self, title=None, content=None, feed_url=None, **kwargs):
self.title = title
self.title_type = kwargs.get('title_type', 'text')
self.content = content
self.content_type = kwargs.get('content_type', 'html')
self.url = kwargs.get('url')
self.id = kwargs.get('id', self.url)
self.updated = kwargs.get('updated')
self.summary = kwargs.get('summary')
self.summary_type = kwargs.get('summary_type', 'html')
self.author = kwargs.get('author', ())
self.published = kwargs.get('published')
self.rights = kwargs.get('rights')
self.links = kwargs.get('links', [])
self.categories = kwargs.get('categories', [])
self.xml_base = kwargs.get('xml_base', feed_url)
if not hasattr(self.author, '__iter__') \
or isinstance(self.author, string_types + (dict,)):
self.author = [self.author]
for i, author in enumerate(self.author):
if not isinstance(author, dict):
self.author[i] = {'name': author}
if not self.title:
raise ValueError('title is required')
if not self.id:
raise ValueError('id is required')
if not self.updated:
raise ValueError('updated is required')
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %r>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.title
)
def generate(self):
"""Yields pieces of ATOM XML."""
base = ''
if self.xml_base:
base = ' xml:base="%s"' % escape(self.xml_base)
yield u'<entry%s>\n' % base
yield u' ' + _make_text_block('title', self.title, self.title_type)
yield u' <id>%s</id>\n' % escape(self.id)
yield u' <updated>%s</updated>\n' % format_iso8601(self.updated)
if self.published:
yield u' <published>%s</published>\n' % \
format_iso8601(self.published)
if self.url:
yield u' <link href="%s" />\n' % escape(self.url)
for author in self.author:
yield u' <author>\n'
yield u' <name>%s</name>\n' % escape(author['name'])
if 'uri' in author:
yield u' <uri>%s</uri>\n' % escape(author['uri'])
if 'email' in author:
yield u' <email>%s</email>\n' % escape(author['email'])
yield u' </author>\n'
for link in self.links:
yield u' <link %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
(k, escape(link[k])) for k in link)
for category in self.categories:
yield u' <category %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
(k, escape(category[k])) for k in category)
if self.summary:
yield u' ' + _make_text_block('summary', self.summary,
self.summary_type)
if self.content:
yield u' ' + _make_text_block('content', self.content,
self.content_type)
yield u'</entry>\n'
def to_string(self):
"""Convert the feed item into a unicode object."""
return u''.join(self.generate())
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.cache
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The main problem with dynamic Web sites is, well, they're dynamic. Each
time a user requests a page, the webserver executes a lot of code, queries
the database, renders templates until the visitor gets the page he sees.
This is a lot more expensive than just loading a file from the file system
and sending it to the visitor.
For most Web applications, this overhead isn't a big deal but once it
becomes, you will be glad to have a cache system in place.
How Caching Works
=================
Caching is pretty simple. Basically you have a cache object lurking around
somewhere that is connected to a remote cache or the file system or
something else. When the request comes in you check if the current page
is already in the cache and if so, you're returning it from the cache.
Otherwise you generate the page and put it into the cache. (Or a fragment
of the page, you don't have to cache the full thing)
Here is a simple example of how to cache a sidebar for 5 minutes::
def get_sidebar(user):
identifier = 'sidebar_for/user%d' % user.id
value = cache.get(identifier)
if value is not None:
return value
value = generate_sidebar_for(user=user)
cache.set(identifier, value, timeout=60 * 5)
return value
Creating a Cache Object
=======================
To create a cache object you just import the cache system of your choice
from the cache module and instantiate it. Then you can start working
with that object:
>>> from werkzeug.contrib.cache import SimpleCache
>>> c = SimpleCache()
>>> c.set("foo", "value")
>>> c.get("foo")
'value'
>>> c.get("missing") is None
True
Please keep in mind that you have to create the cache and put it somewhere
you have access to it (either as a module global you can import or you just
put it into your WSGI application).
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import os
import re
import errno
import tempfile
import platform
from hashlib import md5
from time import time
try:
import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
import pickle
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, string_types, text_type, \
integer_types, to_native
from werkzeug.posixemulation import rename
def _items(mappingorseq):
"""Wrapper for efficient iteration over mappings represented by dicts
or sequences::
>>> for k, v in _items((i, i*i) for i in xrange(5)):
... assert k*k == v
>>> for k, v in _items(dict((i, i*i) for i in xrange(5))):
... assert k*k == v
"""
if hasattr(mappingorseq, 'items'):
return iteritems(mappingorseq)
return mappingorseq
class BaseCache(object):
"""Baseclass for the cache systems. All the cache systems implement this
API or a superset of it.
:param default_timeout: the default timeout (in seconds) that is used if
no timeout is specified on :meth:`set`. A timeout
of 0 indicates that the cache never expires.
"""
def __init__(self, default_timeout=300):
self.default_timeout = default_timeout
def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
if timeout is None:
timeout = self.default_timeout
return timeout
def get(self, key):
"""Look up key in the cache and return the value for it.
:param key: the key to be looked up.
:returns: The value if it exists and is readable, else ``None``.
"""
return None
def delete(self, key):
"""Delete `key` from the cache.
:param key: the key to delete.
:returns: Whether the key existed and has been deleted.
:rtype: boolean
"""
return True
def get_many(self, *keys):
"""Returns a list of values for the given keys.
For each key a item in the list is created::
foo, bar = cache.get_many("foo", "bar")
Has the same error handling as :meth:`get`.
:param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
arguments.
"""
return map(self.get, keys)
def get_dict(self, *keys):
"""Like :meth:`get_many` but return a dict::
d = cache.get_dict("foo", "bar")
foo = d["foo"]
bar = d["bar"]
:param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
arguments.
"""
return dict(zip(keys, self.get_many(*keys)))
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
"""Add a new key/value to the cache (overwrites value, if key already
exists in the cache).
:param key: the key to set
:param value: the value for the key
:param timeout: the cache timeout for the key in seconds (if not
specified, it uses the default timeout). A timeout of
0 idicates that the cache never expires.
:returns: ``True`` if key has been updated, ``False`` for backend
errors. Pickling errors, however, will raise a subclass of
``pickle.PickleError``.
:rtype: boolean
"""
return True
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
"""Works like :meth:`set` but does not overwrite the values of already
existing keys.
:param key: the key to set
:param value: the value for the key
:param timeout: the cache timeout for the key in seconds (if not
specified, it uses the default timeout). A timeout of
0 idicates that the cache never expires.
:returns: Same as :meth:`set`, but also ``False`` for already
existing keys.
:rtype: boolean
"""
return True
def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
"""Sets multiple keys and values from a mapping.
:param mapping: a mapping with the keys/values to set.
:param timeout: the cache timeout for the key in seconds (if not
specified, it uses the default timeout). A timeout of
0 idicates that the cache never expires.
:returns: Whether all given keys have been set.
:rtype: boolean
"""
rv = True
for key, value in _items(mapping):
if not self.set(key, value, timeout):
rv = False
return rv
def delete_many(self, *keys):
"""Deletes multiple keys at once.
:param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
arguments.
:returns: Whether all given keys have been deleted.
:rtype: boolean
"""
return all(self.delete(key) for key in keys)
def has(self, key):
"""Checks if a key exists in the cache without returning it. This is a
cheap operation that bypasses loading the actual data on the backend.
This method is optional and may not be implemented on all caches.
:param key: the key to check
"""
raise NotImplementedError(
'%s doesn\'t have an efficient implementation of `has`. That '
'means it is impossible to check whether a key exists without '
'fully loading the key\'s data. Consider using `self.get` '
'explicitly if you don\'t care about performance.'
)
def clear(self):
"""Clears the cache. Keep in mind that not all caches support
completely clearing the cache.
:returns: Whether the cache has been cleared.
:rtype: boolean
"""
return True
def inc(self, key, delta=1):
"""Increments the value of a key by `delta`. If the key does
not yet exist it is initialized with `delta`.
For supporting caches this is an atomic operation.
:param key: the key to increment.
:param delta: the delta to add.
:returns: The new value or ``None`` for backend errors.
"""
value = (self.get(key) or 0) + delta
return value if self.set(key, value) else None
def dec(self, key, delta=1):
"""Decrements the value of a key by `delta`. If the key does
not yet exist it is initialized with `-delta`.
For supporting caches this is an atomic operation.
:param key: the key to increment.
:param delta: the delta to subtract.
:returns: The new value or `None` for backend errors.
"""
value = (self.get(key) or 0) - delta
return value if self.set(key, value) else None
class NullCache(BaseCache):
"""A cache that doesn't cache. This can be useful for unit testing.
:param default_timeout: a dummy parameter that is ignored but exists
for API compatibility with other caches.
"""
class SimpleCache(BaseCache):
"""Simple memory cache for single process environments. This class exists
mainly for the development server and is not 100% thread safe. It tries
to use as many atomic operations as possible and no locks for simplicity
but it could happen under heavy load that keys are added multiple times.
:param threshold: the maximum number of items the cache stores before
it starts deleting some.
:param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
0 indicates that the cache never expires.
"""
def __init__(self, threshold=500, default_timeout=300):
BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
self._cache = {}
self.clear = self._cache.clear
self._threshold = threshold
def _prune(self):
if len(self._cache) > self._threshold:
now = time()
toremove = []
for idx, (key, (expires, _)) in enumerate(self._cache.items()):
if (expires != 0 and expires <= now) or idx % 3 == 0:
toremove.append(key)
for key in toremove:
self._cache.pop(key, None)
def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
timeout = BaseCache._normalize_timeout(self, timeout)
if timeout > 0:
timeout = time() + timeout
return timeout
def get(self, key):
try:
expires, value = self._cache[key]
if expires == 0 or expires > time():
return pickle.loads(value)
except (KeyError, pickle.PickleError):
return None
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
expires = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
self._prune()
self._cache[key] = (expires, pickle.dumps(value,
pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
return True
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
expires = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
self._prune()
item = (expires, pickle.dumps(value,
pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
if key in self._cache:
return False
self._cache.setdefault(key, item)
return True
def delete(self, key):
return self._cache.pop(key, None) is not None
def has(self, key):
try:
expires, value = self._cache[key]
return expires == 0 or expires > time()
except KeyError:
return False
_test_memcached_key = re.compile(r'[^\x00-\x21\xff]{1,250}$').match
class MemcachedCache(BaseCache):
"""A cache that uses memcached as backend.
The first argument can either be an object that resembles the API of a
:class:`memcache.Client` or a tuple/list of server addresses. In the
event that a tuple/list is passed, Werkzeug tries to import the best
available memcache library.
This cache looks into the following packages/modules to find bindings for
memcached:
- ``pylibmc``
- ``google.appengine.api.memcached``
- ``memcached``
Implementation notes: This cache backend works around some limitations in
memcached to simplify the interface. For example unicode keys are encoded
to utf-8 on the fly. Methods such as :meth:`~BaseCache.get_dict` return
the keys in the same format as passed. Furthermore all get methods
silently ignore key errors to not cause problems when untrusted user data
is passed to the get methods which is often the case in web applications.
:param servers: a list or tuple of server addresses or alternatively
a :class:`memcache.Client` or a compatible client.
:param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
0 indicates taht the cache never expires.
:param key_prefix: a prefix that is added before all keys. This makes it
possible to use the same memcached server for different
applications. Keep in mind that
:meth:`~BaseCache.clear` will also clear keys with a
different prefix.
"""
def __init__(self, servers=None, default_timeout=300, key_prefix=None):
BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
if servers is None or isinstance(servers, (list, tuple)):
if servers is None:
servers = ['127.0.0.1:11211']
self._client = self.import_preferred_memcache_lib(servers)
if self._client is None:
raise RuntimeError('no memcache module found')
else:
# NOTE: servers is actually an already initialized memcache
# client.
self._client = servers
self.key_prefix = to_native(key_prefix)
def _normalize_key(self, key):
key = to_native(key, 'utf-8')
if self.key_prefix:
key = self.key_prefix + key
return key
def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
timeout = BaseCache._normalize_timeout(self, timeout)
if timeout > 0:
timeout = int(time()) + timeout
return timeout
def get(self, key):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
# memcached doesn't support keys longer than that. Because often
# checks for so long keys can occur because it's tested from user
# submitted data etc we fail silently for getting.
if _test_memcached_key(key):
return self._client.get(key)
def get_dict(self, *keys):
key_mapping = {}
have_encoded_keys = False
for key in keys:
encoded_key = self._normalize_key(key)
if not isinstance(key, str):
have_encoded_keys = True
if _test_memcached_key(key):
key_mapping[encoded_key] = key
d = rv = self._client.get_multi(key_mapping.keys())
if have_encoded_keys or self.key_prefix:
rv = {}
for key, value in iteritems(d):
rv[key_mapping[key]] = value
if len(rv) < len(keys):
for key in keys:
if key not in rv:
rv[key] = None
return rv
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
return self._client.add(key, value, timeout)
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
return self._client.set(key, value, timeout)
def get_many(self, *keys):
d = self.get_dict(*keys)
return [d[key] for key in keys]
def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
new_mapping = {}
for key, value in _items(mapping):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
new_mapping[key] = value
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
failed_keys = self._client.set_multi(new_mapping, timeout)
return not failed_keys
def delete(self, key):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
if _test_memcached_key(key):
return self._client.delete(key)
def delete_many(self, *keys):
new_keys = []
for key in keys:
key = self._normalize_key(key)
if _test_memcached_key(key):
new_keys.append(key)
return self._client.delete_multi(new_keys)
def has(self, key):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
if _test_memcached_key(key):
return self._client.append(key, '')
return False
def clear(self):
return self._client.flush_all()
def inc(self, key, delta=1):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
return self._client.incr(key, delta)
def dec(self, key, delta=1):
key = self._normalize_key(key)
return self._client.decr(key, delta)
def import_preferred_memcache_lib(self, servers):
"""Returns an initialized memcache client. Used by the constructor."""
try:
import pylibmc
except ImportError:
pass
else:
return pylibmc.Client(servers)
try:
from google.appengine.api import memcache
except ImportError:
pass
else:
return memcache.Client()
try:
import memcache
except ImportError:
pass
else:
return memcache.Client(servers)
# backwards compatibility
GAEMemcachedCache = MemcachedCache
class RedisCache(BaseCache):
"""Uses the Redis key-value store as a cache backend.
The first argument can be either a string denoting address of the Redis
server or an object resembling an instance of a redis.Redis class.
Note: Python Redis API already takes care of encoding unicode strings on
the fly.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
.. versionadded:: 0.8
`key_prefix` was added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.8
This cache backend now properly serializes objects.
.. versionchanged:: 0.8.3
This cache backend now supports password authentication.
.. versionchanged:: 0.10
``**kwargs`` is now passed to the redis object.
:param host: address of the Redis server or an object which API is
compatible with the official Python Redis client (redis-py).
:param port: port number on which Redis server listens for connections.
:param password: password authentication for the Redis server.
:param db: db (zero-based numeric index) on Redis Server to connect.
:param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
0 indicates that the cache never expires.
:param key_prefix: A prefix that should be added to all keys.
Any additional keyword arguments will be passed to ``redis.Redis``.
"""
def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=6379, password=None,
db=0, default_timeout=300, key_prefix=None, **kwargs):
BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
if isinstance(host, string_types):
try:
import redis
except ImportError:
raise RuntimeError('no redis module found')
if kwargs.get('decode_responses', None):
raise ValueError('decode_responses is not supported by '
'RedisCache.')
self._client = redis.Redis(host=host, port=port, password=password,
db=db, **kwargs)
else:
self._client = host
self.key_prefix = key_prefix or ''
def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
timeout = BaseCache._normalize_timeout(self, timeout)
if timeout == 0:
timeout = -1
return timeout
def dump_object(self, value):
"""Dumps an object into a string for redis. By default it serializes
integers as regular string and pickle dumps everything else.
"""
t = type(value)
if t in integer_types:
return str(value).encode('ascii')
return b'!' + pickle.dumps(value)
def load_object(self, value):
"""The reversal of :meth:`dump_object`. This might be called with
None.
"""
if value is None:
return None
if value.startswith(b'!'):
try:
return pickle.loads(value[1:])
except pickle.PickleError:
return None
try:
return int(value)
except ValueError:
# before 0.8 we did not have serialization. Still support that.
return value
def get(self, key):
return self.load_object(self._client.get(self.key_prefix + key))
def get_many(self, *keys):
if self.key_prefix:
keys = [self.key_prefix + key for key in keys]
return [self.load_object(x) for x in self._client.mget(keys)]
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
dump = self.dump_object(value)
if timeout == -1:
result = self._client.set(name=self.key_prefix + key,
value=dump)
else:
result = self._client.setex(name=self.key_prefix + key,
value=dump, time=timeout)
return result
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
dump = self.dump_object(value)
return (
self._client.setnx(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump) and
self._client.expire(name=self.key_prefix + key, time=timeout)
)
def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
# Use transaction=False to batch without calling redis MULTI
# which is not supported by twemproxy
pipe = self._client.pipeline(transaction=False)
for key, value in _items(mapping):
dump = self.dump_object(value)
if timeout == -1:
pipe.set(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump)
else:
pipe.setex(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump,
time=timeout)
return pipe.execute()
def delete(self, key):
return self._client.delete(self.key_prefix + key)
def delete_many(self, *keys):
if not keys:
return
if self.key_prefix:
keys = [self.key_prefix + key for key in keys]
return self._client.delete(*keys)
def has(self, key):
return self._client.exists(self.key_prefix + key)
def clear(self):
status = False
if self.key_prefix:
keys = self._client.keys(self.key_prefix + '*')
if keys:
status = self._client.delete(*keys)
else:
status = self._client.flushdb()
return status
def inc(self, key, delta=1):
return self._client.incr(name=self.key_prefix + key, amount=delta)
def dec(self, key, delta=1):
return self._client.decr(name=self.key_prefix + key, amount=delta)
class FileSystemCache(BaseCache):
"""A cache that stores the items on the file system. This cache depends
on being the only user of the `cache_dir`. Make absolutely sure that
nobody but this cache stores files there or otherwise the cache will
randomly delete files therein.
:param cache_dir: the directory where cache files are stored.
:param threshold: the maximum number of items the cache stores before
it starts deleting some.
:param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
0 indicates that the cache never expires.
:param mode: the file mode wanted for the cache files, default 0600
"""
#: used for temporary files by the FileSystemCache
_fs_transaction_suffix = '.__wz_cache'
def __init__(self, cache_dir, threshold=500, default_timeout=300,
mode=0o600):
BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
self._path = cache_dir
self._threshold = threshold
self._mode = mode
try:
os.makedirs(self._path)
except OSError as ex:
if ex.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
timeout = BaseCache._normalize_timeout(self, timeout)
if timeout != 0:
timeout = time() + timeout
return int(timeout)
def _list_dir(self):
"""return a list of (fully qualified) cache filenames
"""
return [os.path.join(self._path, fn) for fn in os.listdir(self._path)
if not fn.endswith(self._fs_transaction_suffix)]
def _prune(self):
entries = self._list_dir()
if len(entries) > self._threshold:
now = time()
for idx, fname in enumerate(entries):
try:
remove = False
with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
expires = pickle.load(f)
remove = (expires != 0 and expires <= now) or idx % 3 == 0
if remove:
os.remove(fname)
except (IOError, OSError):
pass
def clear(self):
for fname in self._list_dir():
try:
os.remove(fname)
except (IOError, OSError):
return False
return True
def _get_filename(self, key):
if isinstance(key, text_type):
key = key.encode('utf-8') # XXX unicode review
hash = md5(key).hexdigest()
return os.path.join(self._path, hash)
def get(self, key):
filename = self._get_filename(key)
try:
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
pickle_time = pickle.load(f)
if pickle_time == 0 or pickle_time >= time():
return pickle.load(f)
else:
os.remove(filename)
return None
except (IOError, OSError, pickle.PickleError):
return None
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
filename = self._get_filename(key)
if not os.path.exists(filename):
return self.set(key, value, timeout)
return False
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
filename = self._get_filename(key)
self._prune()
try:
fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=self._fs_transaction_suffix,
dir=self._path)
with os.fdopen(fd, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(timeout, f, 1)
pickle.dump(value, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
rename(tmp, filename)
os.chmod(filename, self._mode)
except (IOError, OSError):
return False
else:
return True
def delete(self, key):
try:
os.remove(self._get_filename(key))
except (IOError, OSError):
return False
else:
return True
def has(self, key):
filename = self._get_filename(key)
try:
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
pickle_time = pickle.load(f)
if pickle_time == 0 or pickle_time >= time():
return True
else:
os.remove(filename)
return False
except (IOError, OSError, pickle.PickleError):
return False
class UWSGICache(BaseCache):
""" Implements the cache using uWSGI's caching framework.
.. note::
This class cannot be used when running under PyPy, because the uWSGI
API implementation for PyPy is lacking the needed functionality.
:param default_timeout: The default timeout in seconds.
:param cache: The name of the caching instance to connect to, for
example: mycache@localhost:3031, defaults to an empty string, which
means uWSGI will cache in the local instance. If the cache is in the
same instance as the werkzeug app, you only have to provide the name of
the cache.
"""
def __init__(self, default_timeout=300, cache=''):
BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
if platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy':
raise RuntimeError("uWSGI caching does not work under PyPy, see "
"the docs for more details.")
try:
import uwsgi
self._uwsgi = uwsgi
except ImportError:
raise RuntimeError("uWSGI could not be imported, are you "
"running under uWSGI?")
self.cache = cache
def get(self, key):
rv = self._uwsgi.cache_get(key, self.cache)
if rv is None:
return
return pickle.loads(rv)
def delete(self, key):
return self._uwsgi.cache_del(key, self.cache)
def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
return self._uwsgi.cache_update(key, pickle.dumps(value),
self._normalize_timeout(timeout),
self.cache)
def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
return self._uwsgi.cache_set(key, pickle.dumps(value),
self._normalize_timeout(timeout),
self.cache)
def clear(self):
return self._uwsgi.cache_clear(self.cache)
def has(self, key):
return self._uwsgi.cache_exists(key, self.cache) is not None

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.fixers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. versionadded:: 0.5
This module includes various helpers that fix bugs in web servers. They may
be necessary for some versions of a buggy web server but not others. We try
to stay updated with the status of the bugs as good as possible but you have
to make sure whether they fix the problem you encounter.
If you notice bugs in webservers not fixed in this module consider
contributing a patch.
:copyright: Copyright 2009 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
try:
from urllib import unquote
except ImportError:
from urllib.parse import unquote
from werkzeug.http import parse_options_header, parse_cache_control_header, \
parse_set_header
from werkzeug.useragents import UserAgent
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, ResponseCacheControl
class CGIRootFix(object):
"""Wrap the application in this middleware if you are using FastCGI or CGI
and you have problems with your app root being set to the cgi script's path
instead of the path users are going to visit
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
Added `app_root` parameter and renamed from `LighttpdCGIRootFix`.
:param app: the WSGI application
:param app_root: Defaulting to ``'/'``, you can set this to something else
if your app is mounted somewhere else.
"""
def __init__(self, app, app_root='/'):
self.app = app
self.app_root = app_root
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
# only set PATH_INFO for older versions of Lighty or if no
# server software is provided. That's because the test was
# added in newer Werkzeug versions and we don't want to break
# people's code if they are using this fixer in a test that
# does not set the SERVER_SOFTWARE key.
if 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' not in environ or \
environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] < 'lighttpd/1.4.28':
environ['PATH_INFO'] = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '') + \
environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = self.app_root.strip('/')
return self.app(environ, start_response)
# backwards compatibility
LighttpdCGIRootFix = CGIRootFix
class PathInfoFromRequestUriFix(object):
"""On windows environment variables are limited to the system charset
which makes it impossible to store the `PATH_INFO` variable in the
environment without loss of information on some systems.
This is for example a problem for CGI scripts on a Windows Apache.
This fixer works by recreating the `PATH_INFO` from `REQUEST_URI`,
`REQUEST_URL`, or `UNENCODED_URL` (whatever is available). Thus the
fix can only be applied if the webserver supports either of these
variables.
:param app: the WSGI application
"""
def __init__(self, app):
self.app = app
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
for key in 'REQUEST_URL', 'REQUEST_URI', 'UNENCODED_URL':
if key not in environ:
continue
request_uri = unquote(environ[key])
script_name = unquote(environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', ''))
if request_uri.startswith(script_name):
environ['PATH_INFO'] = request_uri[len(script_name):] \
.split('?', 1)[0]
break
return self.app(environ, start_response)
class ProxyFix(object):
"""This middleware can be applied to add HTTP proxy support to an
application that was not designed with HTTP proxies in mind. It
sets `REMOTE_ADDR`, `HTTP_HOST` from `X-Forwarded` headers. While
Werkzeug-based applications already can use
:py:func:`werkzeug.wsgi.get_host` to retrieve the current host even if
behind proxy setups, this middleware can be used for applications which
access the WSGI environment directly.
If you have more than one proxy server in front of your app, set
`num_proxies` accordingly.
Do not use this middleware in non-proxy setups for security reasons.
The original values of `REMOTE_ADDR` and `HTTP_HOST` are stored in
the WSGI environment as `werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_remote_addr` and
`werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_http_host`.
:param app: the WSGI application
:param num_proxies: the number of proxy servers in front of the app.
"""
def __init__(self, app, num_proxies=1):
self.app = app
self.num_proxies = num_proxies
def get_remote_addr(self, forwarded_for):
"""Selects the new remote addr from the given list of ips in
X-Forwarded-For. By default it picks the one that the `num_proxies`
proxy server provides. Before 0.9 it would always pick the first.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
if len(forwarded_for) >= self.num_proxies:
return forwarded_for[-self.num_proxies]
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
getter = environ.get
forwarded_proto = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', '')
forwarded_for = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', '').split(',')
forwarded_host = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST', '')
environ.update({
'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_wsgi_url_scheme': getter('wsgi.url_scheme'),
'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_remote_addr': getter('REMOTE_ADDR'),
'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_http_host': getter('HTTP_HOST')
})
forwarded_for = [x for x in [x.strip() for x in forwarded_for] if x]
remote_addr = self.get_remote_addr(forwarded_for)
if remote_addr is not None:
environ['REMOTE_ADDR'] = remote_addr
if forwarded_host:
environ['HTTP_HOST'] = forwarded_host
if forwarded_proto:
environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = forwarded_proto
return self.app(environ, start_response)
class HeaderRewriterFix(object):
"""This middleware can remove response headers and add others. This
is for example useful to remove the `Date` header from responses if you
are using a server that adds that header, no matter if it's present or
not or to add `X-Powered-By` headers::
app = HeaderRewriterFix(app, remove_headers=['Date'],
add_headers=[('X-Powered-By', 'WSGI')])
:param app: the WSGI application
:param remove_headers: a sequence of header keys that should be
removed.
:param add_headers: a sequence of ``(key, value)`` tuples that should
be added.
"""
def __init__(self, app, remove_headers=None, add_headers=None):
self.app = app
self.remove_headers = set(x.lower() for x in (remove_headers or ()))
self.add_headers = list(add_headers or ())
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
def rewriting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
new_headers = []
for key, value in headers:
if key.lower() not in self.remove_headers:
new_headers.append((key, value))
new_headers += self.add_headers
return start_response(status, new_headers, exc_info)
return self.app(environ, rewriting_start_response)
class InternetExplorerFix(object):
"""This middleware fixes a couple of bugs with Microsoft Internet
Explorer. Currently the following fixes are applied:
- removing of `Vary` headers for unsupported mimetypes which
causes troubles with caching. Can be disabled by passing
``fix_vary=False`` to the constructor.
see: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824847/en-us
- removes offending headers to work around caching bugs in
Internet Explorer if `Content-Disposition` is set. Can be
disabled by passing ``fix_attach=False`` to the constructor.
If it does not detect affected Internet Explorer versions it won't touch
the request / response.
"""
# This code was inspired by Django fixers for the same bugs. The
# fix_vary and fix_attach fixers were originally implemented in Django
# by Michael Axiak and is available as part of the Django project:
# http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/4148
def __init__(self, app, fix_vary=True, fix_attach=True):
self.app = app
self.fix_vary = fix_vary
self.fix_attach = fix_attach
def fix_headers(self, environ, headers, status=None):
if self.fix_vary:
header = headers.get('content-type', '')
mimetype, options = parse_options_header(header)
if mimetype not in ('text/html', 'text/plain', 'text/sgml'):
headers.pop('vary', None)
if self.fix_attach and 'content-disposition' in headers:
pragma = parse_set_header(headers.get('pragma', ''))
pragma.discard('no-cache')
header = pragma.to_header()
if not header:
headers.pop('pragma', '')
else:
headers['Pragma'] = header
header = headers.get('cache-control', '')
if header:
cc = parse_cache_control_header(header,
cls=ResponseCacheControl)
cc.no_cache = None
cc.no_store = False
header = cc.to_header()
if not header:
headers.pop('cache-control', '')
else:
headers['Cache-Control'] = header
def run_fixed(self, environ, start_response):
def fixing_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
headers = Headers(headers)
self.fix_headers(environ, headers, status)
return start_response(status, headers.to_wsgi_list(), exc_info)
return self.app(environ, fixing_start_response)
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
ua = UserAgent(environ)
if ua.browser != 'msie':
return self.app(environ, start_response)
return self.run_fixed(environ, start_response)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
werkzeug.contrib.iterio
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements a :class:`IterIO` that converts an iterator into
a stream object and the other way round. Converting streams into
iterators requires the `greenlet`_ module.
To convert an iterator into a stream all you have to do is to pass it
directly to the :class:`IterIO` constructor. In this example we pass it
a newly created generator::
def foo():
yield "something\n"
yield "otherthings"
stream = IterIO(foo())
print stream.read() # read the whole iterator
The other way round works a bit different because we have to ensure that
the code execution doesn't take place yet. An :class:`IterIO` call with a
callable as first argument does two things. The function itself is passed
an :class:`IterIO` stream it can feed. The object returned by the
:class:`IterIO` constructor on the other hand is not an stream object but
an iterator::
def foo(stream):
stream.write("some")
stream.write("thing")
stream.flush()
stream.write("otherthing")
iterator = IterIO(foo)
print iterator.next() # prints something
print iterator.next() # prints otherthing
iterator.next() # raises StopIteration
.. _greenlet: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
try:
import greenlet
except ImportError:
greenlet = None
from werkzeug._compat import implements_iterator
def _mixed_join(iterable, sentinel):
"""concatenate any string type in an intelligent way."""
iterator = iter(iterable)
first_item = next(iterator, sentinel)
if isinstance(first_item, bytes):
return first_item + b''.join(iterator)
return first_item + u''.join(iterator)
def _newline(reference_string):
if isinstance(reference_string, bytes):
return b'\n'
return u'\n'
@implements_iterator
class IterIO(object):
"""Instances of this object implement an interface compatible with the
standard Python :class:`file` object. Streams are either read-only or
write-only depending on how the object is created.
If the first argument is an iterable a file like object is returned that
returns the contents of the iterable. In case the iterable is empty
read operations will return the sentinel value.
If the first argument is a callable then the stream object will be
created and passed to that function. The caller itself however will
not receive a stream but an iterable. The function will be be executed
step by step as something iterates over the returned iterable. Each
call to :meth:`flush` will create an item for the iterable. If
:meth:`flush` is called without any writes in-between the sentinel
value will be yielded.
Note for Python 3: due to the incompatible interface of bytes and
streams you should set the sentinel value explicitly to an empty
bytestring (``b''``) if you are expecting to deal with bytes as
otherwise the end of the stream is marked with the wrong sentinel
value.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
`sentinel` parameter was added.
"""
def __new__(cls, obj, sentinel=''):
try:
iterator = iter(obj)
except TypeError:
return IterI(obj, sentinel)
return IterO(iterator, sentinel)
def __iter__(self):
return self
def tell(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
return self.pos
def isatty(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
return False
def seek(self, pos, mode=0):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def truncate(self, size=None):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def write(self, s):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def writelines(self, list):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def read(self, n=-1):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def readline(self, length=None):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def flush(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
def __next__(self):
if self.closed:
raise StopIteration()
line = self.readline()
if not line:
raise StopIteration()
return line
class IterI(IterIO):
"""Convert an stream into an iterator."""
def __new__(cls, func, sentinel=''):
if greenlet is None:
raise RuntimeError('IterI requires greenlet support')
stream = object.__new__(cls)
stream._parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
stream._buffer = []
stream.closed = False
stream.sentinel = sentinel
stream.pos = 0
def run():
func(stream)
stream.close()
g = greenlet.greenlet(run, stream._parent)
while 1:
rv = g.switch()
if not rv:
return
yield rv[0]
def close(self):
if not self.closed:
self.closed = True
self._flush_impl()
def write(self, s):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
if s:
self.pos += len(s)
self._buffer.append(s)
def writelines(self, list):
for item in list:
self.write(item)
def flush(self):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
self._flush_impl()
def _flush_impl(self):
data = _mixed_join(self._buffer, self.sentinel)
self._buffer = []
if not data and self.closed:
self._parent.switch()
else:
self._parent.switch((data,))
class IterO(IterIO):
"""Iter output. Wrap an iterator and give it a stream like interface."""
def __new__(cls, gen, sentinel=''):
self = object.__new__(cls)
self._gen = gen
self._buf = None
self.sentinel = sentinel
self.closed = False
self.pos = 0
return self
def __iter__(self):
return self
def _buf_append(self, string):
'''Replace string directly without appending to an empty string,
avoiding type issues.'''
if not self._buf:
self._buf = string
else:
self._buf += string
def close(self):
if not self.closed:
self.closed = True
if hasattr(self._gen, 'close'):
self._gen.close()
def seek(self, pos, mode=0):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
if mode == 1:
pos += self.pos
elif mode == 2:
self.read()
self.pos = min(self.pos, self.pos + pos)
return
elif mode != 0:
raise IOError('Invalid argument')
buf = []
try:
tmp_end_pos = len(self._buf)
while pos > tmp_end_pos:
item = next(self._gen)
tmp_end_pos += len(item)
buf.append(item)
except StopIteration:
pass
if buf:
self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
self.pos = max(0, pos)
def read(self, n=-1):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
if n < 0:
self._buf_append(_mixed_join(self._gen, self.sentinel))
result = self._buf[self.pos:]
self.pos += len(result)
return result
new_pos = self.pos + n
buf = []
try:
tmp_end_pos = 0 if self._buf is None else len(self._buf)
while new_pos > tmp_end_pos or (self._buf is None and not buf):
item = next(self._gen)
tmp_end_pos += len(item)
buf.append(item)
except StopIteration:
pass
if buf:
self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
if self._buf is None:
return self.sentinel
new_pos = max(0, new_pos)
try:
return self._buf[self.pos:new_pos]
finally:
self.pos = min(new_pos, len(self._buf))
def readline(self, length=None):
if self.closed:
raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
nl_pos = -1
if self._buf:
nl_pos = self._buf.find(_newline(self._buf), self.pos)
buf = []
try:
if self._buf is None:
pos = self.pos
else:
pos = len(self._buf)
while nl_pos < 0:
item = next(self._gen)
local_pos = item.find(_newline(item))
buf.append(item)
if local_pos >= 0:
nl_pos = pos + local_pos
break
pos += len(item)
except StopIteration:
pass
if buf:
self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
if self._buf is None:
return self.sentinel
if nl_pos < 0:
new_pos = len(self._buf)
else:
new_pos = nl_pos + 1
if length is not None and self.pos + length < new_pos:
new_pos = self.pos + length
try:
return self._buf[self.pos:new_pos]
finally:
self.pos = min(new_pos, len(self._buf))
def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
total = 0
lines = []
line = self.readline()
while line:
lines.append(line)
total += len(line)
if 0 < sizehint <= total:
break
line = self.readline()
return lines

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.jsrouting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Addon module that allows to create a JavaScript function from a map
that generates rules.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
try:
from simplejson import dumps
except ImportError:
try:
from json import dumps
except ImportError:
def dumps(*args):
raise RuntimeError('simplejson required for jsrouting')
from inspect import getmro
from werkzeug.routing import NumberConverter
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
def render_template(name_parts, rules, converters):
result = u''
if name_parts:
for idx in range(0, len(name_parts) - 1):
name = u'.'.join(name_parts[:idx + 1])
result += u"if (typeof %s === 'undefined') %s = {}\n" % (name, name)
result += '%s = ' % '.'.join(name_parts)
result += """(function (server_name, script_name, subdomain, url_scheme) {
var converters = [%(converters)s];
var rules = %(rules)s;
function in_array(array, value) {
if (array.indexOf != undefined) {
return array.indexOf(value) != -1;
}
for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i] == value) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
function array_diff(array1, array2) {
array1 = array1.slice();
for (var i = array1.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (in_array(array2, array1[i])) {
array1.splice(i, 1);
}
}
return array1;
}
function split_obj(obj) {
var names = [];
var values = [];
for (var name in obj) {
if (typeof(obj[name]) != 'function') {
names.push(name);
values.push(obj[name]);
}
}
return {names: names, values: values, original: obj};
}
function suitable(rule, args) {
var default_args = split_obj(rule.defaults || {});
var diff_arg_names = array_diff(rule.arguments, default_args.names);
for (var i = 0; i < diff_arg_names.length; i++) {
if (!in_array(args.names, diff_arg_names[i])) {
return false;
}
}
if (array_diff(rule.arguments, args.names).length == 0) {
if (rule.defaults == null) {
return true;
}
for (var i = 0; i < default_args.names.length; i++) {
var key = default_args.names[i];
var value = default_args.values[i];
if (value != args.original[key]) {
return false;
}
}
}
return true;
}
function build(rule, args) {
var tmp = [];
var processed = rule.arguments.slice();
for (var i = 0; i < rule.trace.length; i++) {
var part = rule.trace[i];
if (part.is_dynamic) {
var converter = converters[rule.converters[part.data]];
var data = converter(args.original[part.data]);
if (data == null) {
return null;
}
tmp.push(data);
processed.push(part.name);
} else {
tmp.push(part.data);
}
}
tmp = tmp.join('');
var pipe = tmp.indexOf('|');
var subdomain = tmp.substring(0, pipe);
var url = tmp.substring(pipe+1);
var unprocessed = array_diff(args.names, processed);
var first_query_var = true;
for (var i = 0; i < unprocessed.length; i++) {
if (first_query_var) {
url += '?';
} else {
url += '&';
}
first_query_var = false;
url += encodeURIComponent(unprocessed[i]);
url += '=';
url += encodeURIComponent(args.original[unprocessed[i]]);
}
return {subdomain: subdomain, path: url};
}
function lstrip(s, c) {
while (s && s.substring(0, 1) == c) {
s = s.substring(1);
}
return s;
}
function rstrip(s, c) {
while (s && s.substring(s.length-1, s.length) == c) {
s = s.substring(0, s.length-1);
}
return s;
}
return function(endpoint, args, force_external) {
args = split_obj(args);
var rv = null;
for (var i = 0; i < rules.length; i++) {
var rule = rules[i];
if (rule.endpoint != endpoint) continue;
if (suitable(rule, args)) {
rv = build(rule, args);
if (rv != null) {
break;
}
}
}
if (rv == null) {
return null;
}
if (!force_external && rv.subdomain == subdomain) {
return rstrip(script_name, '/') + '/' + lstrip(rv.path, '/');
} else {
return url_scheme + '://'
+ (rv.subdomain ? rv.subdomain + '.' : '')
+ server_name + rstrip(script_name, '/')
+ '/' + lstrip(rv.path, '/');
}
};
})""" % {'converters': u', '.join(converters),
'rules': rules}
return result
def generate_map(map, name='url_map'):
"""
Generates a JavaScript function containing the rules defined in
this map, to be used with a MapAdapter's generate_javascript
method. If you don't pass a name the returned JavaScript code is
an expression that returns a function. Otherwise it's a standalone
script that assigns the function with that name. Dotted names are
resolved (so you an use a name like 'obj.url_for')
In order to use JavaScript generation, simplejson must be installed.
Note that using this feature will expose the rules
defined in your map to users. If your rules contain sensitive
information, don't use JavaScript generation!
"""
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('This module is deprecated'))
map.update()
rules = []
converters = []
for rule in map.iter_rules():
trace = [{
'is_dynamic': is_dynamic,
'data': data
} for is_dynamic, data in rule._trace]
rule_converters = {}
for key, converter in iteritems(rule._converters):
js_func = js_to_url_function(converter)
try:
index = converters.index(js_func)
except ValueError:
converters.append(js_func)
index = len(converters) - 1
rule_converters[key] = index
rules.append({
u'endpoint': rule.endpoint,
u'arguments': list(rule.arguments),
u'converters': rule_converters,
u'trace': trace,
u'defaults': rule.defaults
})
return render_template(name_parts=name and name.split('.') or [],
rules=dumps(rules),
converters=converters)
def generate_adapter(adapter, name='url_for', map_name='url_map'):
"""Generates the url building function for a map."""
values = {
u'server_name': dumps(adapter.server_name),
u'script_name': dumps(adapter.script_name),
u'subdomain': dumps(adapter.subdomain),
u'url_scheme': dumps(adapter.url_scheme),
u'name': name,
u'map_name': map_name
}
return u'''\
var %(name)s = %(map_name)s(
%(server_name)s,
%(script_name)s,
%(subdomain)s,
%(url_scheme)s
);''' % values
def js_to_url_function(converter):
"""Get the JavaScript converter function from a rule."""
if hasattr(converter, 'js_to_url_function'):
data = converter.js_to_url_function()
else:
for cls in getmro(type(converter)):
if cls in js_to_url_functions:
data = js_to_url_functions[cls](converter)
break
else:
return 'encodeURIComponent'
return '(function(value) { %s })' % data
def NumberConverter_js_to_url(conv):
if conv.fixed_digits:
return u'''\
var result = value.toString();
while (result.length < %s)
result = '0' + result;
return result;''' % conv.fixed_digits
return u'return value.toString();'
js_to_url_functions = {
NumberConverter: NumberConverter_js_to_url
}

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.limiter
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A middleware that limits incoming data. This works around problems with
Trac_ or Django_ because those directly stream into the memory.
.. _Trac: http://trac.edgewall.org/
.. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from warnings import warn
from werkzeug.wsgi import LimitedStream
class StreamLimitMiddleware(object):
"""Limits the input stream to a given number of bytes. This is useful if
you have a WSGI application that reads form data into memory (django for
example) and you don't want users to harm the server by uploading tons of
data.
Default is 10MB
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
Deprecated middleware.
"""
def __init__(self, app, maximum_size=1024 * 1024 * 10):
warn(DeprecationWarning('This middleware is deprecated'))
self.app = app
self.maximum_size = maximum_size
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
limit = min(self.maximum_size, int(environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or 0))
environ['wsgi.input'] = LimitedStream(environ['wsgi.input'], limit)
return self.app(environ, start_response)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.lint
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. versionadded:: 0.5
This module provides a middleware that performs sanity checks of the WSGI
application. It checks that :pep:`333` is properly implemented and warns
on some common HTTP errors such as non-empty responses for 304 status
codes.
This module provides a middleware, the :class:`LintMiddleware`. Wrap your
application with it and it will warn about common problems with WSGI and
HTTP while your application is running.
It's strongly recommended to use it during development.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
try:
from urllib.parse import urlparse
except ImportError:
from urlparse import urlparse
from warnings import warn
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers
from werkzeug.http import is_entity_header
from werkzeug.wsgi import FileWrapper
from werkzeug._compat import string_types
class WSGIWarning(Warning):
"""Warning class for WSGI warnings."""
class HTTPWarning(Warning):
"""Warning class for HTTP warnings."""
def check_string(context, obj, stacklevel=3):
if type(obj) is not str:
warn(WSGIWarning('%s requires bytestrings, got %s' %
(context, obj.__class__.__name__)))
class InputStream(object):
def __init__(self, stream):
self._stream = stream
def read(self, *args):
if len(args) == 0:
warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi does not guarantee an EOF marker on the '
'input stream, thus making calls to '
'wsgi.input.read() unsafe. Conforming servers '
'may never return from this call.'),
stacklevel=2)
elif len(args) != 1:
warn(WSGIWarning('too many parameters passed to wsgi.input.read()'),
stacklevel=2)
return self._stream.read(*args)
def readline(self, *args):
if len(args) == 0:
warn(WSGIWarning('Calls to wsgi.input.readline() without arguments'
' are unsafe. Use wsgi.input.read() instead.'),
stacklevel=2)
elif len(args) == 1:
warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi.input.readline() was called with a size hint. '
'WSGI does not support this, although it\'s available '
'on all major servers.'),
stacklevel=2)
else:
raise TypeError('too many arguments passed to wsgi.input.readline()')
return self._stream.readline(*args)
def __iter__(self):
try:
return iter(self._stream)
except TypeError:
warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi.input is not iterable.'), stacklevel=2)
return iter(())
def close(self):
warn(WSGIWarning('application closed the input stream!'),
stacklevel=2)
self._stream.close()
class ErrorStream(object):
def __init__(self, stream):
self._stream = stream
def write(self, s):
check_string('wsgi.error.write()', s)
self._stream.write(s)
def flush(self):
self._stream.flush()
def writelines(self, seq):
for line in seq:
self.write(seq)
def close(self):
warn(WSGIWarning('application closed the error stream!'),
stacklevel=2)
self._stream.close()
class GuardedWrite(object):
def __init__(self, write, chunks):
self._write = write
self._chunks = chunks
def __call__(self, s):
check_string('write()', s)
self._write.write(s)
self._chunks.append(len(s))
class GuardedIterator(object):
def __init__(self, iterator, headers_set, chunks):
self._iterator = iterator
self._next = iter(iterator).next
self.closed = False
self.headers_set = headers_set
self.chunks = chunks
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self):
if self.closed:
warn(WSGIWarning('iterated over closed app_iter'),
stacklevel=2)
rv = self._next()
if not self.headers_set:
warn(WSGIWarning('Application returned before it '
'started the response'), stacklevel=2)
check_string('application iterator items', rv)
self.chunks.append(len(rv))
return rv
def close(self):
self.closed = True
if hasattr(self._iterator, 'close'):
self._iterator.close()
if self.headers_set:
status_code, headers = self.headers_set
bytes_sent = sum(self.chunks)
content_length = headers.get('content-length', type=int)
if status_code == 304:
for key, value in headers:
key = key.lower()
if key not in ('expires', 'content-location') and \
is_entity_header(key):
warn(HTTPWarning('entity header %r found in 304 '
'response' % key))
if bytes_sent:
warn(HTTPWarning('304 responses must not have a body'))
elif 100 <= status_code < 200 or status_code == 204:
if content_length != 0:
warn(HTTPWarning('%r responses must have an empty '
'content length') % status_code)
if bytes_sent:
warn(HTTPWarning('%r responses must not have a body' %
status_code))
elif content_length is not None and content_length != bytes_sent:
warn(WSGIWarning('Content-Length and the number of bytes '
'sent to the client do not match.'))
def __del__(self):
if not self.closed:
try:
warn(WSGIWarning('Iterator was garbage collected before '
'it was closed.'))
except Exception:
pass
class LintMiddleware(object):
"""This middleware wraps an application and warns on common errors.
Among other thing it currently checks for the following problems:
- invalid status codes
- non-bytestrings sent to the WSGI server
- strings returned from the WSGI application
- non-empty conditional responses
- unquoted etags
- relative URLs in the Location header
- unsafe calls to wsgi.input
- unclosed iterators
Detected errors are emitted using the standard Python :mod:`warnings`
system and usually end up on :data:`stderr`.
::
from werkzeug.contrib.lint import LintMiddleware
app = LintMiddleware(app)
:param app: the application to wrap
"""
def __init__(self, app):
self.app = app
def check_environ(self, environ):
if type(environ) is not dict:
warn(WSGIWarning('WSGI environment is not a standard python dict.'),
stacklevel=4)
for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'SERVER_NAME', 'SERVER_PORT',
'wsgi.version', 'wsgi.input', 'wsgi.errors',
'wsgi.multithread', 'wsgi.multiprocess',
'wsgi.run_once'):
if key not in environ:
warn(WSGIWarning('required environment key %r not found'
% key), stacklevel=3)
if environ['wsgi.version'] != (1, 0):
warn(WSGIWarning('environ is not a WSGI 1.0 environ'),
stacklevel=3)
script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
if script_name and script_name[:1] != '/':
warn(WSGIWarning('SCRIPT_NAME does not start with a slash: %r'
% script_name), stacklevel=3)
path_info = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
if path_info[:1] != '/':
warn(WSGIWarning('PATH_INFO does not start with a slash: %r'
% path_info), stacklevel=3)
def check_start_response(self, status, headers, exc_info):
check_string('status', status)
status_code = status.split(None, 1)[0]
if len(status_code) != 3 or not status_code.isdigit():
warn(WSGIWarning('Status code must be three digits'), stacklevel=3)
if len(status) < 4 or status[3] != ' ':
warn(WSGIWarning('Invalid value for status %r. Valid '
'status strings are three digits, a space '
'and a status explanation'), stacklevel=3)
status_code = int(status_code)
if status_code < 100:
warn(WSGIWarning('status code < 100 detected'), stacklevel=3)
if type(headers) is not list:
warn(WSGIWarning('header list is not a list'), stacklevel=3)
for item in headers:
if type(item) is not tuple or len(item) != 2:
warn(WSGIWarning('Headers must tuple 2-item tuples'),
stacklevel=3)
name, value = item
if type(name) is not str or type(value) is not str:
warn(WSGIWarning('header items must be strings'),
stacklevel=3)
if name.lower() == 'status':
warn(WSGIWarning('The status header is not supported due to '
'conflicts with the CGI spec.'),
stacklevel=3)
if exc_info is not None and not isinstance(exc_info, tuple):
warn(WSGIWarning('invalid value for exc_info'), stacklevel=3)
headers = Headers(headers)
self.check_headers(headers)
return status_code, headers
def check_headers(self, headers):
etag = headers.get('etag')
if etag is not None:
if etag.startswith(('W/', 'w/')):
if etag.startswith('w/'):
warn(HTTPWarning('weak etag indicator should be upcase.'),
stacklevel=4)
etag = etag[2:]
if not (etag[:1] == etag[-1:] == '"'):
warn(HTTPWarning('unquoted etag emitted.'), stacklevel=4)
location = headers.get('location')
if location is not None:
if not urlparse(location).netloc:
warn(HTTPWarning('absolute URLs required for location header'),
stacklevel=4)
def check_iterator(self, app_iter):
if isinstance(app_iter, string_types):
warn(WSGIWarning('application returned string. Response will '
'send character for character to the client '
'which will kill the performance. Return a '
'list or iterable instead.'), stacklevel=3)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if len(args) != 2:
warn(WSGIWarning('Two arguments to WSGI app required'), stacklevel=2)
if kwargs:
warn(WSGIWarning('No keyword arguments to WSGI app allowed'),
stacklevel=2)
environ, start_response = args
self.check_environ(environ)
environ['wsgi.input'] = InputStream(environ['wsgi.input'])
environ['wsgi.errors'] = ErrorStream(environ['wsgi.errors'])
# hook our own file wrapper in so that applications will always
# iterate to the end and we can check the content length
environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'] = FileWrapper
headers_set = []
chunks = []
def checking_start_response(*args, **kwargs):
if len(args) not in (2, 3):
warn(WSGIWarning('Invalid number of arguments: %s, expected '
'2 or 3' % len(args), stacklevel=2))
if kwargs:
warn(WSGIWarning('no keyword arguments allowed.'))
status, headers = args[:2]
if len(args) == 3:
exc_info = args[2]
else:
exc_info = None
headers_set[:] = self.check_start_response(status, headers,
exc_info)
return GuardedWrite(start_response(status, headers, exc_info),
chunks)
app_iter = self.app(environ, checking_start_response)
self.check_iterator(app_iter)
return GuardedIterator(app_iter, headers_set, chunks)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.profiler
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides a simple WSGI profiler middleware for finding
bottlenecks in web application. It uses the :mod:`profile` or
:mod:`cProfile` module to do the profiling and writes the stats to the
stream provided (defaults to stderr).
Example usage::
from werkzeug.contrib.profiler import ProfilerMiddleware
app = ProfilerMiddleware(app)
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import sys
import time
import os.path
try:
try:
from cProfile import Profile
except ImportError:
from profile import Profile
from pstats import Stats
available = True
except ImportError:
available = False
class MergeStream(object):
"""An object that redirects `write` calls to multiple streams.
Use this to log to both `sys.stdout` and a file::
f = open('profiler.log', 'w')
stream = MergeStream(sys.stdout, f)
profiler = ProfilerMiddleware(app, stream)
"""
def __init__(self, *streams):
if not streams:
raise TypeError('at least one stream must be given')
self.streams = streams
def write(self, data):
for stream in self.streams:
stream.write(data)
class ProfilerMiddleware(object):
"""Simple profiler middleware. Wraps a WSGI application and profiles
a request. This intentionally buffers the response so that timings are
more exact.
By giving the `profile_dir` argument, pstat.Stats files are saved to that
directory, one file per request. Without it, a summary is printed to
`stream` instead.
For the exact meaning of `sort_by` and `restrictions` consult the
:mod:`profile` documentation.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
Added support for `restrictions` and `profile_dir`.
:param app: the WSGI application to profile.
:param stream: the stream for the profiled stats. defaults to stderr.
:param sort_by: a tuple of columns to sort the result by.
:param restrictions: a tuple of profiling strictions, not used if dumping
to `profile_dir`.
:param profile_dir: directory name to save pstat files
"""
def __init__(self, app, stream=None,
sort_by=('time', 'calls'), restrictions=(), profile_dir=None):
if not available:
raise RuntimeError('the profiler is not available because '
'profile or pstat is not installed.')
self._app = app
self._stream = stream or sys.stdout
self._sort_by = sort_by
self._restrictions = restrictions
self._profile_dir = profile_dir
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
response_body = []
def catching_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
return response_body.append
def runapp():
appiter = self._app(environ, catching_start_response)
response_body.extend(appiter)
if hasattr(appiter, 'close'):
appiter.close()
p = Profile()
start = time.time()
p.runcall(runapp)
body = b''.join(response_body)
elapsed = time.time() - start
if self._profile_dir is not None:
prof_filename = os.path.join(self._profile_dir,
'%s.%s.%06dms.%d.prof' % (
environ['REQUEST_METHOD'],
environ.get('PATH_INFO').strip(
'/').replace('/', '.') or 'root',
elapsed * 1000.0,
time.time()
))
p.dump_stats(prof_filename)
else:
stats = Stats(p, stream=self._stream)
stats.sort_stats(*self._sort_by)
self._stream.write('-' * 80)
self._stream.write('\nPATH: %r\n' % environ.get('PATH_INFO'))
stats.print_stats(*self._restrictions)
self._stream.write('-' * 80 + '\n\n')
return [body]
def make_action(app_factory, hostname='localhost', port=5000,
threaded=False, processes=1, stream=None,
sort_by=('time', 'calls'), restrictions=()):
"""Return a new callback for :mod:`werkzeug.script` that starts a local
server with the profiler enabled.
::
from werkzeug.contrib import profiler
action_profile = profiler.make_action(make_app)
"""
def action(hostname=('h', hostname), port=('p', port),
threaded=threaded, processes=processes):
"""Start a new development server."""
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
app = ProfilerMiddleware(app_factory(), stream, sort_by, restrictions)
run_simple(hostname, port, app, False, None, threaded, processes)
return action

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
werkzeug.contrib.securecookie
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements a cookie that is not alterable from the client
because it adds a checksum the server checks for. You can use it as
session replacement if all you have is a user id or something to mark
a logged in user.
Keep in mind that the data is still readable from the client as a
normal cookie is. However you don't have to store and flush the
sessions you have at the server.
Example usage:
>>> from werkzeug.contrib.securecookie import SecureCookie
>>> x = SecureCookie({"foo": 42, "baz": (1, 2, 3)}, "deadbeef")
Dumping into a string so that one can store it in a cookie:
>>> value = x.serialize()
Loading from that string again:
>>> x = SecureCookie.unserialize(value, "deadbeef")
>>> x["baz"]
(1, 2, 3)
If someone modifies the cookie and the checksum is wrong the unserialize
method will fail silently and return a new empty `SecureCookie` object.
Keep in mind that the values will be visible in the cookie so do not
store data in a cookie you don't want the user to see.
Application Integration
=======================
If you are using the werkzeug request objects you could integrate the
secure cookie into your application like this::
from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
from werkzeug.contrib.securecookie import SecureCookie
# don't use this key but a different one; you could just use
# os.urandom(20) to get something random
SECRET_KEY = '\xfa\xdd\xb8z\xae\xe0}4\x8b\xea'
class Request(BaseRequest):
@cached_property
def client_session(self):
data = self.cookies.get('session_data')
if not data:
return SecureCookie(secret_key=SECRET_KEY)
return SecureCookie.unserialize(data, SECRET_KEY)
def application(environ, start_response):
request = Request(environ)
# get a response object here
response = ...
if request.client_session.should_save:
session_data = request.client_session.serialize()
response.set_cookie('session_data', session_data,
httponly=True)
return response(environ, start_response)
A less verbose integration can be achieved by using shorthand methods::
class Request(BaseRequest):
@cached_property
def client_session(self):
return SecureCookie.load_cookie(self, secret_key=COOKIE_SECRET)
def application(environ, start_response):
request = Request(environ)
# get a response object here
response = ...
request.client_session.save_cookie(response)
return response(environ, start_response)
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import pickle
import base64
from hmac import new as hmac
from time import time
from hashlib import sha1 as _default_hash
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, text_type
from werkzeug.urls import url_quote_plus, url_unquote_plus
from werkzeug._internal import _date_to_unix
from werkzeug.contrib.sessions import ModificationTrackingDict
from werkzeug.security import safe_str_cmp
from werkzeug._compat import to_native
class UnquoteError(Exception):
"""Internal exception used to signal failures on quoting."""
class SecureCookie(ModificationTrackingDict):
"""Represents a secure cookie. You can subclass this class and provide
an alternative mac method. The import thing is that the mac method
is a function with a similar interface to the hashlib. Required
methods are update() and digest().
Example usage:
>>> x = SecureCookie({"foo": 42, "baz": (1, 2, 3)}, "deadbeef")
>>> x["foo"]
42
>>> x["baz"]
(1, 2, 3)
>>> x["blafasel"] = 23
>>> x.should_save
True
:param data: the initial data. Either a dict, list of tuples or `None`.
:param secret_key: the secret key. If not set `None` or not specified
it has to be set before :meth:`serialize` is called.
:param new: The initial value of the `new` flag.
"""
#: The hash method to use. This has to be a module with a new function
#: or a function that creates a hashlib object. Such as `hashlib.md5`
#: Subclasses can override this attribute. The default hash is sha1.
#: Make sure to wrap this in staticmethod() if you store an arbitrary
#: function there such as hashlib.sha1 which might be implemented
#: as a function.
hash_method = staticmethod(_default_hash)
#: the module used for serialization. Unless overriden by subclasses
#: the standard pickle module is used.
serialization_method = pickle
#: if the contents should be base64 quoted. This can be disabled if the
#: serialization process returns cookie safe strings only.
quote_base64 = True
def __init__(self, data=None, secret_key=None, new=True):
ModificationTrackingDict.__init__(self, data or ())
# explicitly convert it into a bytestring because python 2.6
# no longer performs an implicit string conversion on hmac
if secret_key is not None:
secret_key = bytes(secret_key)
self.secret_key = secret_key
self.new = new
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %s%s>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
dict.__repr__(self),
self.should_save and '*' or ''
)
@property
def should_save(self):
"""True if the session should be saved. By default this is only true
for :attr:`modified` cookies, not :attr:`new`.
"""
return self.modified
@classmethod
def quote(cls, value):
"""Quote the value for the cookie. This can be any object supported
by :attr:`serialization_method`.
:param value: the value to quote.
"""
if cls.serialization_method is not None:
value = cls.serialization_method.dumps(value)
if cls.quote_base64:
value = b''.join(base64.b64encode(value).splitlines()).strip()
return value
@classmethod
def unquote(cls, value):
"""Unquote the value for the cookie. If unquoting does not work a
:exc:`UnquoteError` is raised.
:param value: the value to unquote.
"""
try:
if cls.quote_base64:
value = base64.b64decode(value)
if cls.serialization_method is not None:
value = cls.serialization_method.loads(value)
return value
except Exception:
# unfortunately pickle and other serialization modules can
# cause pretty every error here. if we get one we catch it
# and convert it into an UnquoteError
raise UnquoteError()
def serialize(self, expires=None):
"""Serialize the secure cookie into a string.
If expires is provided, the session will be automatically invalidated
after expiration when you unseralize it. This provides better
protection against session cookie theft.
:param expires: an optional expiration date for the cookie (a
:class:`datetime.datetime` object)
"""
if self.secret_key is None:
raise RuntimeError('no secret key defined')
if expires:
self['_expires'] = _date_to_unix(expires)
result = []
mac = hmac(self.secret_key, None, self.hash_method)
for key, value in sorted(self.items()):
result.append(('%s=%s' % (
url_quote_plus(key),
self.quote(value).decode('ascii')
)).encode('ascii'))
mac.update(b'|' + result[-1])
return b'?'.join([
base64.b64encode(mac.digest()).strip(),
b'&'.join(result)
])
@classmethod
def unserialize(cls, string, secret_key):
"""Load the secure cookie from a serialized string.
:param string: the cookie value to unserialize.
:param secret_key: the secret key used to serialize the cookie.
:return: a new :class:`SecureCookie`.
"""
if isinstance(string, text_type):
string = string.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
if isinstance(secret_key, text_type):
secret_key = secret_key.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
try:
base64_hash, data = string.split(b'?', 1)
except (ValueError, IndexError):
items = ()
else:
items = {}
mac = hmac(secret_key, None, cls.hash_method)
for item in data.split(b'&'):
mac.update(b'|' + item)
if b'=' not in item:
items = None
break
key, value = item.split(b'=', 1)
# try to make the key a string
key = url_unquote_plus(key.decode('ascii'))
try:
key = to_native(key)
except UnicodeError:
pass
items[key] = value
# no parsing error and the mac looks okay, we can now
# sercurely unpickle our cookie.
try:
client_hash = base64.b64decode(base64_hash)
except TypeError:
items = client_hash = None
if items is not None and safe_str_cmp(client_hash, mac.digest()):
try:
for key, value in iteritems(items):
items[key] = cls.unquote(value)
except UnquoteError:
items = ()
else:
if '_expires' in items:
if time() > items['_expires']:
items = ()
else:
del items['_expires']
else:
items = ()
return cls(items, secret_key, False)
@classmethod
def load_cookie(cls, request, key='session', secret_key=None):
"""Loads a :class:`SecureCookie` from a cookie in request. If the
cookie is not set, a new :class:`SecureCookie` instanced is
returned.
:param request: a request object that has a `cookies` attribute
which is a dict of all cookie values.
:param key: the name of the cookie.
:param secret_key: the secret key used to unquote the cookie.
Always provide the value even though it has
no default!
"""
data = request.cookies.get(key)
if not data:
return cls(secret_key=secret_key)
return cls.unserialize(data, secret_key)
def save_cookie(self, response, key='session', expires=None,
session_expires=None, max_age=None, path='/', domain=None,
secure=None, httponly=False, force=False):
"""Saves the SecureCookie in a cookie on response object. All
parameters that are not described here are forwarded directly
to :meth:`~BaseResponse.set_cookie`.
:param response: a response object that has a
:meth:`~BaseResponse.set_cookie` method.
:param key: the name of the cookie.
:param session_expires: the expiration date of the secure cookie
stored information. If this is not provided
the cookie `expires` date is used instead.
"""
if force or self.should_save:
data = self.serialize(session_expires or expires)
response.set_cookie(key, data, expires=expires, max_age=max_age,
path=path, domain=domain, secure=secure,
httponly=httponly)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
werkzeug.contrib.sessions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module contains some helper classes that help one to add session
support to a python WSGI application. For full client-side session
storage see :mod:`~werkzeug.contrib.securecookie` which implements a
secure, client-side session storage.
Application Integration
=======================
::
from werkzeug.contrib.sessions import SessionMiddleware, \
FilesystemSessionStore
app = SessionMiddleware(app, FilesystemSessionStore())
The current session will then appear in the WSGI environment as
`werkzeug.session`. However it's recommended to not use the middleware
but the stores directly in the application. However for very simple
scripts a middleware for sessions could be sufficient.
This module does not implement methods or ways to check if a session is
expired. That should be done by a cronjob and storage specific. For
example to prune unused filesystem sessions one could check the modified
time of the files. If sessions are stored in the database the new()
method should add an expiration timestamp for the session.
For better flexibility it's recommended to not use the middleware but the
store and session object directly in the application dispatching::
session_store = FilesystemSessionStore()
def application(environ, start_response):
request = Request(environ)
sid = request.cookies.get('cookie_name')
if sid is None:
request.session = session_store.new()
else:
request.session = session_store.get(sid)
response = get_the_response_object(request)
if request.session.should_save:
session_store.save(request.session)
response.set_cookie('cookie_name', request.session.sid)
return response(environ, start_response)
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
import os
import tempfile
from os import path
from time import time
from random import random
from hashlib import sha1
from pickle import dump, load, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
from werkzeug.datastructures import CallbackDict
from werkzeug.utils import dump_cookie, parse_cookie
from werkzeug.wsgi import ClosingIterator
from werkzeug.posixemulation import rename
from werkzeug._compat import PY2, text_type
from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
_sha1_re = re.compile(r'^[a-f0-9]{40}$')
def _urandom():
if hasattr(os, 'urandom'):
return os.urandom(30)
return text_type(random()).encode('ascii')
def generate_key(salt=None):
if salt is None:
salt = repr(salt).encode('ascii')
return sha1(b''.join([
salt,
str(time()).encode('ascii'),
_urandom()
])).hexdigest()
class ModificationTrackingDict(CallbackDict):
__slots__ = ('modified',)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
def on_update(self):
self.modified = True
self.modified = False
CallbackDict.__init__(self, on_update=on_update)
dict.update(self, *args, **kwargs)
def copy(self):
"""Create a flat copy of the dict."""
missing = object()
result = object.__new__(self.__class__)
for name in self.__slots__:
val = getattr(self, name, missing)
if val is not missing:
setattr(result, name, val)
return result
def __copy__(self):
return self.copy()
class Session(ModificationTrackingDict):
"""Subclass of a dict that keeps track of direct object changes. Changes
in mutable structures are not tracked, for those you have to set
`modified` to `True` by hand.
"""
__slots__ = ModificationTrackingDict.__slots__ + ('sid', 'new')
def __init__(self, data, sid, new=False):
ModificationTrackingDict.__init__(self, data)
self.sid = sid
self.new = new
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %s%s>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
dict.__repr__(self),
self.should_save and '*' or ''
)
@property
def should_save(self):
"""True if the session should be saved.
.. versionchanged:: 0.6
By default the session is now only saved if the session is
modified, not if it is new like it was before.
"""
return self.modified
class SessionStore(object):
"""Baseclass for all session stores. The Werkzeug contrib module does not
implement any useful stores besides the filesystem store, application
developers are encouraged to create their own stores.
:param session_class: The session class to use. Defaults to
:class:`Session`.
"""
def __init__(self, session_class=None):
if session_class is None:
session_class = Session
self.session_class = session_class
def is_valid_key(self, key):
"""Check if a key has the correct format."""
return _sha1_re.match(key) is not None
def generate_key(self, salt=None):
"""Simple function that generates a new session key."""
return generate_key(salt)
def new(self):
"""Generate a new session."""
return self.session_class({}, self.generate_key(), True)
def save(self, session):
"""Save a session."""
def save_if_modified(self, session):
"""Save if a session class wants an update."""
if session.should_save:
self.save(session)
def delete(self, session):
"""Delete a session."""
def get(self, sid):
"""Get a session for this sid or a new session object. This method
has to check if the session key is valid and create a new session if
that wasn't the case.
"""
return self.session_class({}, sid, True)
#: used for temporary files by the filesystem session store
_fs_transaction_suffix = '.__wz_sess'
class FilesystemSessionStore(SessionStore):
"""Simple example session store that saves sessions on the filesystem.
This store works best on POSIX systems and Windows Vista / Windows
Server 2008 and newer.
.. versionchanged:: 0.6
`renew_missing` was added. Previously this was considered `True`,
now the default changed to `False` and it can be explicitly
deactivated.
:param path: the path to the folder used for storing the sessions.
If not provided the default temporary directory is used.
:param filename_template: a string template used to give the session
a filename. ``%s`` is replaced with the
session id.
:param session_class: The session class to use. Defaults to
:class:`Session`.
:param renew_missing: set to `True` if you want the store to
give the user a new sid if the session was
not yet saved.
"""
def __init__(self, path=None, filename_template='werkzeug_%s.sess',
session_class=None, renew_missing=False, mode=0o644):
SessionStore.__init__(self, session_class)
if path is None:
path = tempfile.gettempdir()
self.path = path
if isinstance(filename_template, text_type) and PY2:
filename_template = filename_template.encode(
get_filesystem_encoding())
assert not filename_template.endswith(_fs_transaction_suffix), \
'filename templates may not end with %s' % _fs_transaction_suffix
self.filename_template = filename_template
self.renew_missing = renew_missing
self.mode = mode
def get_session_filename(self, sid):
# out of the box, this should be a strict ASCII subset but
# you might reconfigure the session object to have a more
# arbitrary string.
if isinstance(sid, text_type) and PY2:
sid = sid.encode(get_filesystem_encoding())
return path.join(self.path, self.filename_template % sid)
def save(self, session):
fn = self.get_session_filename(session.sid)
fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=_fs_transaction_suffix,
dir=self.path)
f = os.fdopen(fd, 'wb')
try:
dump(dict(session), f, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
finally:
f.close()
try:
rename(tmp, fn)
os.chmod(fn, self.mode)
except (IOError, OSError):
pass
def delete(self, session):
fn = self.get_session_filename(session.sid)
try:
os.unlink(fn)
except OSError:
pass
def get(self, sid):
if not self.is_valid_key(sid):
return self.new()
try:
f = open(self.get_session_filename(sid), 'rb')
except IOError:
if self.renew_missing:
return self.new()
data = {}
else:
try:
try:
data = load(f)
except Exception:
data = {}
finally:
f.close()
return self.session_class(data, sid, False)
def list(self):
"""Lists all sessions in the store.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
before, after = self.filename_template.split('%s', 1)
filename_re = re.compile(r'%s(.{5,})%s$' % (re.escape(before),
re.escape(after)))
result = []
for filename in os.listdir(self.path):
#: this is a session that is still being saved.
if filename.endswith(_fs_transaction_suffix):
continue
match = filename_re.match(filename)
if match is not None:
result.append(match.group(1))
return result
class SessionMiddleware(object):
"""A simple middleware that puts the session object of a store provided
into the WSGI environ. It automatically sets cookies and restores
sessions.
However a middleware is not the preferred solution because it won't be as
fast as sessions managed by the application itself and will put a key into
the WSGI environment only relevant for the application which is against
the concept of WSGI.
The cookie parameters are the same as for the :func:`~dump_cookie`
function just prefixed with ``cookie_``. Additionally `max_age` is
called `cookie_age` and not `cookie_max_age` because of backwards
compatibility.
"""
def __init__(self, app, store, cookie_name='session_id',
cookie_age=None, cookie_expires=None, cookie_path='/',
cookie_domain=None, cookie_secure=None,
cookie_httponly=False, environ_key='werkzeug.session'):
self.app = app
self.store = store
self.cookie_name = cookie_name
self.cookie_age = cookie_age
self.cookie_expires = cookie_expires
self.cookie_path = cookie_path
self.cookie_domain = cookie_domain
self.cookie_secure = cookie_secure
self.cookie_httponly = cookie_httponly
self.environ_key = environ_key
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
cookie = parse_cookie(environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', ''))
sid = cookie.get(self.cookie_name, None)
if sid is None:
session = self.store.new()
else:
session = self.store.get(sid)
environ[self.environ_key] = session
def injecting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
if session.should_save:
self.store.save(session)
headers.append(('Set-Cookie', dump_cookie(self.cookie_name,
session.sid, self.cookie_age,
self.cookie_expires, self.cookie_path,
self.cookie_domain, self.cookie_secure,
self.cookie_httponly)))
return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
return ClosingIterator(self.app(environ, injecting_start_response),
lambda: self.store.save_if_modified(session))

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.testtools
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements extended wrappers for simplified testing.
`TestResponse`
A response wrapper which adds various cached attributes for
simplified assertions on various content types.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, import_string
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.contrib.testtools is deprecated and '
'will be removed with Werkzeug 1.0'))
class ContentAccessors(object):
"""
A mixin class for response objects that provides a couple of useful
accessors for unittesting.
"""
def xml(self):
"""Get an etree if possible."""
if 'xml' not in self.mimetype:
raise AttributeError(
'Not a XML response (Content-Type: %s)'
% self.mimetype)
for module in ['xml.etree.ElementTree', 'ElementTree',
'elementtree.ElementTree']:
etree = import_string(module, silent=True)
if etree is not None:
return etree.XML(self.body)
raise RuntimeError('You must have ElementTree installed '
'to use TestResponse.xml')
xml = cached_property(xml)
def lxml(self):
"""Get an lxml etree if possible."""
if ('html' not in self.mimetype and 'xml' not in self.mimetype):
raise AttributeError('Not an HTML/XML response')
from lxml import etree
try:
from lxml.html import fromstring
except ImportError:
fromstring = etree.HTML
if self.mimetype == 'text/html':
return fromstring(self.data)
return etree.XML(self.data)
lxml = cached_property(lxml)
def json(self):
"""Get the result of simplejson.loads if possible."""
if 'json' not in self.mimetype:
raise AttributeError('Not a JSON response')
try:
from simplejson import loads
except ImportError:
from json import loads
return loads(self.data)
json = cached_property(json)
class TestResponse(Response, ContentAccessors):
"""Pass this to `werkzeug.test.Client` for easier unittesting."""

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.contrib.wrappers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Extra wrappers or mixins contributed by the community. These wrappers can
be mixed in into request objects to add extra functionality.
Example::
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as RequestBase
from werkzeug.contrib.wrappers import JSONRequestMixin
class Request(RequestBase, JSONRequestMixin):
pass
Afterwards this request object provides the extra functionality of the
:class:`JSONRequestMixin`.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import codecs
try:
from simplejson import loads
except ImportError:
from json import loads
from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
from werkzeug.http import dump_options_header, parse_options_header
from werkzeug._compat import wsgi_decoding_dance
def is_known_charset(charset):
"""Checks if the given charset is known to Python."""
try:
codecs.lookup(charset)
except LookupError:
return False
return True
class JSONRequestMixin(object):
"""Add json method to a request object. This will parse the input data
through simplejson if possible.
:exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` will be raised if the content-type
is not json or if the data itself cannot be parsed as json.
"""
@cached_property
def json(self):
"""Get the result of simplejson.loads if possible."""
if 'json' not in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''):
raise BadRequest('Not a JSON request')
try:
return loads(self.data.decode(self.charset, self.encoding_errors))
except Exception:
raise BadRequest('Unable to read JSON request')
class ProtobufRequestMixin(object):
"""Add protobuf parsing method to a request object. This will parse the
input data through `protobuf`_ if possible.
:exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` will be raised if the content-type
is not protobuf or if the data itself cannot be parsed property.
.. _protobuf: http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
"""
#: by default the :class:`ProtobufRequestMixin` will raise a
#: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` if the object is not
#: initialized. You can bypass that check by setting this
#: attribute to `False`.
protobuf_check_initialization = True
def parse_protobuf(self, proto_type):
"""Parse the data into an instance of proto_type."""
if 'protobuf' not in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''):
raise BadRequest('Not a Protobuf request')
obj = proto_type()
try:
obj.ParseFromString(self.data)
except Exception:
raise BadRequest("Unable to parse Protobuf request")
# Fail if not all required fields are set
if self.protobuf_check_initialization and not obj.IsInitialized():
raise BadRequest("Partial Protobuf request")
return obj
class RoutingArgsRequestMixin(object):
"""This request mixin adds support for the wsgiorg routing args
`specification`_.
.. _specification: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specifications/routing_args.html
"""
def _get_routing_args(self):
return self.environ.get('wsgiorg.routing_args', (()))[0]
def _set_routing_args(self, value):
if self.shallow:
raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to modify the WSGI '
'environment. If you really want to do that, '
'set `shallow` to False.')
self.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'] = (value, self.routing_vars)
routing_args = property(_get_routing_args, _set_routing_args, doc='''
The positional URL arguments as `tuple`.''')
del _get_routing_args, _set_routing_args
def _get_routing_vars(self):
rv = self.environ.get('wsgiorg.routing_args')
if rv is not None:
return rv[1]
rv = {}
if not self.shallow:
self.routing_vars = rv
return rv
def _set_routing_vars(self, value):
if self.shallow:
raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to modify the WSGI '
'environment. If you really want to do that, '
'set `shallow` to False.')
self.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'] = (self.routing_args, value)
routing_vars = property(_get_routing_vars, _set_routing_vars, doc='''
The keyword URL arguments as `dict`.''')
del _get_routing_vars, _set_routing_vars
class ReverseSlashBehaviorRequestMixin(object):
"""This mixin reverses the trailing slash behavior of :attr:`script_root`
and :attr:`path`. This makes it possible to use :func:`~urlparse.urljoin`
directly on the paths.
Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Request` this class has to be
mixed in *before* the actual request class::
class MyRequest(ReverseSlashBehaviorRequestMixin, Request):
pass
This example shows the differences (for an application mounted on
`/application` and the request going to `/application/foo/bar`):
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| | normal behavior | reverse behavior |
+===============+===================+=====================+
| `script_root` | ``/application`` | ``/application/`` |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| `path` | ``/foo/bar`` | ``foo/bar`` |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
"""
@cached_property
def path(self):
"""Requested path as unicode. This works a bit like the regular path
info in the WSGI environment but will not include a leading slash.
"""
path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '',
self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
return path.lstrip('/')
@cached_property
def script_root(self):
"""The root path of the script includling a trailing slash."""
path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') or '',
self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
return path.rstrip('/') + '/'
class DynamicCharsetRequestMixin(object):
""""If this mixin is mixed into a request class it will provide
a dynamic `charset` attribute. This means that if the charset is
transmitted in the content type headers it's used from there.
Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Request` this class has
to be mixed in *before* the actual request class::
class MyRequest(DynamicCharsetRequestMixin, Request):
pass
By default the request object assumes that the URL charset is the
same as the data charset. If the charset varies on each request
based on the transmitted data it's not a good idea to let the URLs
change based on that. Most browsers assume either utf-8 or latin1
for the URLs if they have troubles figuring out. It's strongly
recommended to set the URL charset to utf-8::
class MyRequest(DynamicCharsetRequestMixin, Request):
url_charset = 'utf-8'
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
#: the default charset that is assumed if the content type header
#: is missing or does not contain a charset parameter. The default
#: is latin1 which is what HTTP specifies as default charset.
#: You may however want to set this to utf-8 to better support
#: browsers that do not transmit a charset for incoming data.
default_charset = 'latin1'
def unknown_charset(self, charset):
"""Called if a charset was provided but is not supported by
the Python codecs module. By default latin1 is assumed then
to not lose any information, you may override this method to
change the behavior.
:param charset: the charset that was not found.
:return: the replacement charset.
"""
return 'latin1'
@cached_property
def charset(self):
"""The charset from the content type."""
header = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE')
if header:
ct, options = parse_options_header(header)
charset = options.get('charset')
if charset:
if is_known_charset(charset):
return charset
return self.unknown_charset(charset)
return self.default_charset
class DynamicCharsetResponseMixin(object):
"""If this mixin is mixed into a response class it will provide
a dynamic `charset` attribute. This means that if the charset is
looked up and stored in the `Content-Type` header and updates
itself automatically. This also means a small performance hit but
can be useful if you're working with different charsets on
responses.
Because the charset attribute is no a property at class-level, the
default value is stored in `default_charset`.
Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Response` this class has
to be mixed in *before* the actual response class::
class MyResponse(DynamicCharsetResponseMixin, Response):
pass
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
#: the default charset.
default_charset = 'utf-8'
def _get_charset(self):
header = self.headers.get('content-type')
if header:
charset = parse_options_header(header)[1].get('charset')
if charset:
return charset
return self.default_charset
def _set_charset(self, charset):
header = self.headers.get('content-type')
ct, options = parse_options_header(header)
if not ct:
raise TypeError('Cannot set charset if Content-Type '
'header is missing.')
options['charset'] = charset
self.headers['Content-Type'] = dump_options_header(ct, options)
charset = property(_get_charset, _set_charset, doc="""
The charset for the response. It's stored inside the
Content-Type header as a parameter.""")
del _get_charset, _set_charset

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.debug
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WSGI application traceback debugger.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import os
import re
import sys
import uuid
import json
import time
import getpass
import hashlib
import mimetypes
from itertools import chain
from os.path import join, dirname, basename, isfile
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest as Request, BaseResponse as Response
from werkzeug.http import parse_cookie
from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback, render_console_html
from werkzeug.debug.console import Console
from werkzeug.security import gen_salt
from werkzeug._internal import _log
from werkzeug._compat import text_type
# DEPRECATED
#: import this here because it once was documented as being available
#: from this module. In case there are users left ...
from werkzeug.debug.repr import debug_repr # noqa
# A week
PIN_TIME = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7
def hash_pin(pin):
if isinstance(pin, text_type):
pin = pin.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
return hashlib.md5(pin + b'shittysalt').hexdigest()[:12]
_machine_id = None
def get_machine_id():
global _machine_id
rv = _machine_id
if rv is not None:
return rv
def _generate():
# Potential sources of secret information on linux. The machine-id
# is stable across boots, the boot id is not
for filename in '/etc/machine-id', '/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id':
try:
with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
return f.readline().strip()
except IOError:
continue
# On OS X we can use the computer's serial number assuming that
# ioreg exists and can spit out that information.
try:
# Also catch import errors: subprocess may not be available, e.g.
# Google App Engine
# See https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues/925
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
dump = Popen(['ioreg', '-c', 'IOPlatformExpertDevice', '-d', '2'],
stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
match = re.search(b'"serial-number" = <([^>]+)', dump)
if match is not None:
return match.group(1)
except (OSError, ImportError):
pass
# On Windows we can use winreg to get the machine guid
wr = None
try:
import winreg as wr
except ImportError:
try:
import _winreg as wr
except ImportError:
pass
if wr is not None:
try:
with wr.OpenKey(wr.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
'SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography', 0,
wr.KEY_READ | wr.KEY_WOW64_64KEY) as rk:
return wr.QueryValueEx(rk, 'MachineGuid')[0]
except WindowsError:
pass
_machine_id = rv = _generate()
return rv
class _ConsoleFrame(object):
"""Helper class so that we can reuse the frame console code for the
standalone console.
"""
def __init__(self, namespace):
self.console = Console(namespace)
self.id = 0
def get_pin_and_cookie_name(app):
"""Given an application object this returns a semi-stable 9 digit pin
code and a random key. The hope is that this is stable between
restarts to not make debugging particularly frustrating. If the pin
was forcefully disabled this returns `None`.
Second item in the resulting tuple is the cookie name for remembering.
"""
pin = os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_DEBUG_PIN')
rv = None
num = None
# Pin was explicitly disabled
if pin == 'off':
return None, None
# Pin was provided explicitly
if pin is not None and pin.replace('-', '').isdigit():
# If there are separators in the pin, return it directly
if '-' in pin:
rv = pin
else:
num = pin
modname = getattr(app, '__module__',
getattr(app.__class__, '__module__'))
try:
# `getpass.getuser()` imports the `pwd` module,
# which does not exist in the Google App Engine sandbox.
username = getpass.getuser()
except ImportError:
username = None
mod = sys.modules.get(modname)
# This information only exists to make the cookie unique on the
# computer, not as a security feature.
probably_public_bits = [
username,
modname,
getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')),
getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]
# This information is here to make it harder for an attacker to
# guess the cookie name. They are unlikely to be contained anywhere
# within the unauthenticated debug page.
private_bits = [
str(uuid.getnode()),
get_machine_id(),
]
h = hashlib.md5()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, text_type):
bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')
cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]
# If we need to generate a pin we salt it a bit more so that we don't
# end up with the same value and generate out 9 digits
if num is None:
h.update(b'pinsalt')
num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]
# Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
# we don't have a result yet.
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
break
else:
rv = num
return rv, cookie_name
class DebuggedApplication(object):
"""Enables debugging support for a given application::
from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
from myapp import app
app = DebuggedApplication(app, evalex=True)
The `evalex` keyword argument allows evaluating expressions in a
traceback's frame context.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
The `lodgeit_url` parameter was deprecated.
:param app: the WSGI application to run debugged.
:param evalex: enable exception evaluation feature (interactive
debugging). This requires a non-forking server.
:param request_key: The key that points to the request object in ths
environment. This parameter is ignored in current
versions.
:param console_path: the URL for a general purpose console.
:param console_init_func: the function that is executed before starting
the general purpose console. The return value
is used as initial namespace.
:param show_hidden_frames: by default hidden traceback frames are skipped.
You can show them by setting this parameter
to `True`.
:param pin_security: can be used to disable the pin based security system.
:param pin_logging: enables the logging of the pin system.
"""
def __init__(self, app, evalex=False, request_key='werkzeug.request',
console_path='/console', console_init_func=None,
show_hidden_frames=False, lodgeit_url=None,
pin_security=True, pin_logging=True):
if lodgeit_url is not None:
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('Werkzeug now pastes into gists.'))
if not console_init_func:
console_init_func = None
self.app = app
self.evalex = evalex
self.frames = {}
self.tracebacks = {}
self.request_key = request_key
self.console_path = console_path
self.console_init_func = console_init_func
self.show_hidden_frames = show_hidden_frames
self.secret = gen_salt(20)
self._failed_pin_auth = 0
self.pin_logging = pin_logging
if pin_security:
# Print out the pin for the debugger on standard out.
if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true' and \
pin_logging:
_log('warning', ' * Debugger is active!')
if self.pin is None:
_log('warning', ' * Debugger PIN disabled. '
'DEBUGGER UNSECURED!')
else:
_log('info', ' * Debugger PIN: %s' % self.pin)
else:
self.pin = None
def _get_pin(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_pin'):
self._pin, self._pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
return self._pin
def _set_pin(self, value):
self._pin = value
pin = property(_get_pin, _set_pin)
del _get_pin, _set_pin
@property
def pin_cookie_name(self):
"""The name of the pin cookie."""
if not hasattr(self, '_pin_cookie'):
self._pin, self._pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
return self._pin_cookie
def debug_application(self, environ, start_response):
"""Run the application and conserve the traceback frames."""
app_iter = None
try:
app_iter = self.app(environ, start_response)
for item in app_iter:
yield item
if hasattr(app_iter, 'close'):
app_iter.close()
except Exception:
if hasattr(app_iter, 'close'):
app_iter.close()
traceback = get_current_traceback(
skip=1, show_hidden_frames=self.show_hidden_frames,
ignore_system_exceptions=True)
for frame in traceback.frames:
self.frames[frame.id] = frame
self.tracebacks[traceback.id] = traceback
try:
start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', [
('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'),
# Disable Chrome's XSS protection, the debug
# output can cause false-positives.
('X-XSS-Protection', '0'),
])
except Exception:
# if we end up here there has been output but an error
# occurred. in that situation we can do nothing fancy any
# more, better log something into the error log and fall
# back gracefully.
environ['wsgi.errors'].write(
'Debugging middleware caught exception in streamed '
'response at a point where response headers were already '
'sent.\n')
else:
is_trusted = bool(self.check_pin_trust(environ))
yield traceback.render_full(evalex=self.evalex,
evalex_trusted=is_trusted,
secret=self.secret) \
.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
traceback.log(environ['wsgi.errors'])
def execute_command(self, request, command, frame):
"""Execute a command in a console."""
return Response(frame.console.eval(command), mimetype='text/html')
def display_console(self, request):
"""Display a standalone shell."""
if 0 not in self.frames:
if self.console_init_func is None:
ns = {}
else:
ns = dict(self.console_init_func())
ns.setdefault('app', self.app)
self.frames[0] = _ConsoleFrame(ns)
is_trusted = bool(self.check_pin_trust(request.environ))
return Response(render_console_html(secret=self.secret,
evalex_trusted=is_trusted),
mimetype='text/html')
def paste_traceback(self, request, traceback):
"""Paste the traceback and return a JSON response."""
rv = traceback.paste()
return Response(json.dumps(rv), mimetype='application/json')
def get_resource(self, request, filename):
"""Return a static resource from the shared folder."""
filename = join(dirname(__file__), 'shared', basename(filename))
if isfile(filename):
mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] \
or 'application/octet-stream'
f = open(filename, 'rb')
try:
return Response(f.read(), mimetype=mimetype)
finally:
f.close()
return Response('Not Found', status=404)
def check_pin_trust(self, environ):
"""Checks if the request passed the pin test. This returns `True` if the
request is trusted on a pin/cookie basis and returns `False` if not.
Additionally if the cookie's stored pin hash is wrong it will return
`None` so that appropriate action can be taken.
"""
if self.pin is None:
return True
val = parse_cookie(environ).get(self.pin_cookie_name)
if not val or '|' not in val:
return False
ts, pin_hash = val.split('|', 1)
if not ts.isdigit():
return False
if pin_hash != hash_pin(self.pin):
return None
return (time.time() - PIN_TIME) < int(ts)
def _fail_pin_auth(self):
time.sleep(self._failed_pin_auth > 5 and 5.0 or 0.5)
self._failed_pin_auth += 1
def pin_auth(self, request):
"""Authenticates with the pin."""
exhausted = False
auth = False
trust = self.check_pin_trust(request.environ)
# If the trust return value is `None` it means that the cookie is
# set but the stored pin hash value is bad. This means that the
# pin was changed. In this case we count a bad auth and unset the
# cookie. This way it becomes harder to guess the cookie name
# instead of the pin as we still count up failures.
bad_cookie = False
if trust is None:
self._fail_pin_auth()
bad_cookie = True
# If we're trusted, we're authenticated.
elif trust:
auth = True
# If we failed too many times, then we're locked out.
elif self._failed_pin_auth > 10:
exhausted = True
# Otherwise go through pin based authentication
else:
entered_pin = request.args.get('pin')
if entered_pin.strip().replace('-', '') == \
self.pin.replace('-', ''):
self._failed_pin_auth = 0
auth = True
else:
self._fail_pin_auth()
rv = Response(json.dumps({
'auth': auth,
'exhausted': exhausted,
}), mimetype='application/json')
if auth:
rv.set_cookie(self.pin_cookie_name, '%s|%s' % (
int(time.time()),
hash_pin(self.pin)
), httponly=True)
elif bad_cookie:
rv.delete_cookie(self.pin_cookie_name)
return rv
def log_pin_request(self):
"""Log the pin if needed."""
if self.pin_logging and self.pin is not None:
_log('info', ' * To enable the debugger you need to '
'enter the security pin:')
_log('info', ' * Debugger pin code: %s' % self.pin)
return Response('')
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
"""Dispatch the requests."""
# important: don't ever access a function here that reads the incoming
# form data! Otherwise the application won't have access to that data
# any more!
request = Request(environ)
response = self.debug_application
if request.args.get('__debugger__') == 'yes':
cmd = request.args.get('cmd')
arg = request.args.get('f')
secret = request.args.get('s')
traceback = self.tracebacks.get(request.args.get('tb', type=int))
frame = self.frames.get(request.args.get('frm', type=int))
if cmd == 'resource' and arg:
response = self.get_resource(request, arg)
elif cmd == 'paste' and traceback is not None and \
secret == self.secret:
response = self.paste_traceback(request, traceback)
elif cmd == 'pinauth' and secret == self.secret:
response = self.pin_auth(request)
elif cmd == 'printpin' and secret == self.secret:
response = self.log_pin_request()
elif self.evalex and cmd is not None and frame is not None \
and self.secret == secret and \
self.check_pin_trust(environ):
response = self.execute_command(request, cmd, frame)
elif self.evalex and self.console_path is not None and \
request.path == self.console_path:
response = self.display_console(request)
return response(environ, start_response)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.debug.console
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Interactive console support.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD.
"""
import sys
import code
from types import CodeType
from werkzeug.utils import escape
from werkzeug.local import Local
from werkzeug.debug.repr import debug_repr, dump, helper
_local = Local()
class HTMLStringO(object):
"""A StringO version that HTML escapes on write."""
def __init__(self):
self._buffer = []
def isatty(self):
return False
def close(self):
pass
def flush(self):
pass
def seek(self, n, mode=0):
pass
def readline(self):
if len(self._buffer) == 0:
return ''
ret = self._buffer[0]
del self._buffer[0]
return ret
def reset(self):
val = ''.join(self._buffer)
del self._buffer[:]
return val
def _write(self, x):
if isinstance(x, bytes):
x = x.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
self._buffer.append(x)
def write(self, x):
self._write(escape(x))
def writelines(self, x):
self._write(escape(''.join(x)))
class ThreadedStream(object):
"""Thread-local wrapper for sys.stdout for the interactive console."""
def push():
if not isinstance(sys.stdout, ThreadedStream):
sys.stdout = ThreadedStream()
_local.stream = HTMLStringO()
push = staticmethod(push)
def fetch():
try:
stream = _local.stream
except AttributeError:
return ''
return stream.reset()
fetch = staticmethod(fetch)
def displayhook(obj):
try:
stream = _local.stream
except AttributeError:
return _displayhook(obj)
# stream._write bypasses escaping as debug_repr is
# already generating HTML for us.
if obj is not None:
_local._current_ipy.locals['_'] = obj
stream._write(debug_repr(obj))
displayhook = staticmethod(displayhook)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
raise AttributeError('read only attribute %s' % name)
def __dir__(self):
return dir(sys.__stdout__)
def __getattribute__(self, name):
if name == '__members__':
return dir(sys.__stdout__)
try:
stream = _local.stream
except AttributeError:
stream = sys.__stdout__
return getattr(stream, name)
def __repr__(self):
return repr(sys.__stdout__)
# add the threaded stream as display hook
_displayhook = sys.displayhook
sys.displayhook = ThreadedStream.displayhook
class _ConsoleLoader(object):
def __init__(self):
self._storage = {}
def register(self, code, source):
self._storage[id(code)] = source
# register code objects of wrapped functions too.
for var in code.co_consts:
if isinstance(var, CodeType):
self._storage[id(var)] = source
def get_source_by_code(self, code):
try:
return self._storage[id(code)]
except KeyError:
pass
def _wrap_compiler(console):
compile = console.compile
def func(source, filename, symbol):
code = compile(source, filename, symbol)
console.loader.register(code, source)
return code
console.compile = func
class _InteractiveConsole(code.InteractiveInterpreter):
def __init__(self, globals, locals):
code.InteractiveInterpreter.__init__(self, locals)
self.globals = dict(globals)
self.globals['dump'] = dump
self.globals['help'] = helper
self.globals['__loader__'] = self.loader = _ConsoleLoader()
self.more = False
self.buffer = []
_wrap_compiler(self)
def runsource(self, source):
source = source.rstrip() + '\n'
ThreadedStream.push()
prompt = self.more and '... ' or '>>> '
try:
source_to_eval = ''.join(self.buffer + [source])
if code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource(self,
source_to_eval, '<debugger>', 'single'):
self.more = True
self.buffer.append(source)
else:
self.more = False
del self.buffer[:]
finally:
output = ThreadedStream.fetch()
return prompt + escape(source) + output
def runcode(self, code):
try:
eval(code, self.globals, self.locals)
except Exception:
self.showtraceback()
def showtraceback(self):
from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
tb = get_current_traceback(skip=1)
sys.stdout._write(tb.render_summary())
def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
tb = get_current_traceback(skip=4)
sys.stdout._write(tb.render_summary())
def write(self, data):
sys.stdout.write(data)
class Console(object):
"""An interactive console."""
def __init__(self, globals=None, locals=None):
if locals is None:
locals = {}
if globals is None:
globals = {}
self._ipy = _InteractiveConsole(globals, locals)
def eval(self, code):
_local._current_ipy = self._ipy
old_sys_stdout = sys.stdout
try:
return self._ipy.runsource(code)
finally:
sys.stdout = old_sys_stdout

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.debug.repr
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements object representations for debugging purposes.
Unlike the default repr these reprs expose a lot more information and
produce HTML instead of ASCII.
Together with the CSS and JavaScript files of the debugger this gives
a colorful and more compact output.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD.
"""
import sys
import re
import codecs
from traceback import format_exception_only
try:
from collections import deque
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
deque = None
from werkzeug.utils import escape
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, PY2, text_type, integer_types, \
string_types
missing = object()
_paragraph_re = re.compile(r'(?:\r\n|\r|\n){2,}')
RegexType = type(_paragraph_re)
HELP_HTML = '''\
<div class=box>
<h3>%(title)s</h3>
<pre class=help>%(text)s</pre>
</div>\
'''
OBJECT_DUMP_HTML = '''\
<div class=box>
<h3>%(title)s</h3>
%(repr)s
<table>%(items)s</table>
</div>\
'''
def debug_repr(obj):
"""Creates a debug repr of an object as HTML unicode string."""
return DebugReprGenerator().repr(obj)
def dump(obj=missing):
"""Print the object details to stdout._write (for the interactive
console of the web debugger.
"""
gen = DebugReprGenerator()
if obj is missing:
rv = gen.dump_locals(sys._getframe(1).f_locals)
else:
rv = gen.dump_object(obj)
sys.stdout._write(rv)
class _Helper(object):
"""Displays an HTML version of the normal help, for the interactive
debugger only because it requires a patched sys.stdout.
"""
def __repr__(self):
return 'Type help(object) for help about object.'
def __call__(self, topic=None):
if topic is None:
sys.stdout._write('<span class=help>%s</span>' % repr(self))
return
import pydoc
pydoc.help(topic)
rv = sys.stdout.reset()
if isinstance(rv, bytes):
rv = rv.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
paragraphs = _paragraph_re.split(rv)
if len(paragraphs) > 1:
title = paragraphs[0]
text = '\n\n'.join(paragraphs[1:])
else: # pragma: no cover
title = 'Help'
text = paragraphs[0]
sys.stdout._write(HELP_HTML % {'title': title, 'text': text})
helper = _Helper()
def _add_subclass_info(inner, obj, base):
if isinstance(base, tuple):
for base in base:
if type(obj) is base:
return inner
elif type(obj) is base:
return inner
module = ''
if obj.__class__.__module__ not in ('__builtin__', 'exceptions'):
module = '<span class="module">%s.</span>' % obj.__class__.__module__
return '%s%s(%s)' % (module, obj.__class__.__name__, inner)
class DebugReprGenerator(object):
def __init__(self):
self._stack = []
def _sequence_repr_maker(left, right, base=object(), limit=8):
def proxy(self, obj, recursive):
if recursive:
return _add_subclass_info(left + '...' + right, obj, base)
buf = [left]
have_extended_section = False
for idx, item in enumerate(obj):
if idx:
buf.append(', ')
if idx == limit:
buf.append('<span class="extended">')
have_extended_section = True
buf.append(self.repr(item))
if have_extended_section:
buf.append('</span>')
buf.append(right)
return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), obj, base)
return proxy
list_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('[', ']', list)
tuple_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('(', ')', tuple)
set_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('set([', '])', set)
frozenset_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('frozenset([', '])', frozenset)
if deque is not None:
deque_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('<span class="module">collections.'
'</span>deque([', '])', deque)
del _sequence_repr_maker
def regex_repr(self, obj):
pattern = repr(obj.pattern)
if PY2:
pattern = pattern.decode('string-escape', 'ignore')
else:
pattern = codecs.decode(pattern, 'unicode-escape', 'ignore')
if pattern[:1] == 'u':
pattern = 'ur' + pattern[1:]
else:
pattern = 'r' + pattern
return u're.compile(<span class="string regex">%s</span>)' % pattern
def string_repr(self, obj, limit=70):
buf = ['<span class="string">']
a = repr(obj[:limit])
b = repr(obj[limit:])
if isinstance(obj, text_type) and PY2:
buf.append('u')
a = a[1:]
b = b[1:]
if b != "''":
buf.extend((escape(a[:-1]), '<span class="extended">', escape(b[1:]), '</span>'))
else:
buf.append(escape(a))
buf.append('</span>')
return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), obj, (bytes, text_type))
def dict_repr(self, d, recursive, limit=5):
if recursive:
return _add_subclass_info(u'{...}', d, dict)
buf = ['{']
have_extended_section = False
for idx, (key, value) in enumerate(iteritems(d)):
if idx:
buf.append(', ')
if idx == limit - 1:
buf.append('<span class="extended">')
have_extended_section = True
buf.append('<span class="pair"><span class="key">%s</span>: '
'<span class="value">%s</span></span>' %
(self.repr(key), self.repr(value)))
if have_extended_section:
buf.append('</span>')
buf.append('}')
return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), d, dict)
def object_repr(self, obj):
r = repr(obj)
if PY2:
r = r.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
return u'<span class="object">%s</span>' % escape(r)
def dispatch_repr(self, obj, recursive):
if obj is helper:
return u'<span class="help">%r</span>' % helper
if isinstance(obj, (integer_types, float, complex)):
return u'<span class="number">%r</span>' % obj
if isinstance(obj, string_types):
return self.string_repr(obj)
if isinstance(obj, RegexType):
return self.regex_repr(obj)
if isinstance(obj, list):
return self.list_repr(obj, recursive)
if isinstance(obj, tuple):
return self.tuple_repr(obj, recursive)
if isinstance(obj, set):
return self.set_repr(obj, recursive)
if isinstance(obj, frozenset):
return self.frozenset_repr(obj, recursive)
if isinstance(obj, dict):
return self.dict_repr(obj, recursive)
if deque is not None and isinstance(obj, deque):
return self.deque_repr(obj, recursive)
return self.object_repr(obj)
def fallback_repr(self):
try:
info = ''.join(format_exception_only(*sys.exc_info()[:2]))
except Exception: # pragma: no cover
info = '?'
if PY2:
info = info.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
return u'<span class="brokenrepr">&lt;broken repr (%s)&gt;' \
u'</span>' % escape(info.strip())
def repr(self, obj):
recursive = False
for item in self._stack:
if item is obj:
recursive = True
break
self._stack.append(obj)
try:
try:
return self.dispatch_repr(obj, recursive)
except Exception:
return self.fallback_repr()
finally:
self._stack.pop()
def dump_object(self, obj):
repr = items = None
if isinstance(obj, dict):
title = 'Contents of'
items = []
for key, value in iteritems(obj):
if not isinstance(key, string_types):
items = None
break
items.append((key, self.repr(value)))
if items is None:
items = []
repr = self.repr(obj)
for key in dir(obj):
try:
items.append((key, self.repr(getattr(obj, key))))
except Exception:
pass
title = 'Details for'
title += ' ' + object.__repr__(obj)[1:-1]
return self.render_object_dump(items, title, repr)
def dump_locals(self, d):
items = [(key, self.repr(value)) for key, value in d.items()]
return self.render_object_dump(items, 'Local variables in frame')
def render_object_dump(self, items, title, repr=None):
html_items = []
for key, value in items:
html_items.append('<tr><th>%s<td><pre class=repr>%s</pre>' %
(escape(key), value))
if not html_items:
html_items.append('<tr><td><em>Nothing</em>')
return OBJECT_DUMP_HTML % {
'title': escape(title),
'repr': repr and '<pre class=repr>%s</pre>' % repr or '',
'items': '\n'.join(html_items)
}

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-------------------------------
UBUNTU FONT LICENCE Version 1.0
-------------------------------
PREAMBLE
This licence allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and
redistributed freely. The fonts, including any derivative works, can be
bundled, embedded, and redistributed provided the terms of this licence
are met. The fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under
any other licence. The requirement for fonts to remain under this
licence does not require any document created using the fonts or their
derivatives to be published under this licence, as long as the primary
purpose of the document is not to be a vehicle for the distribution of
the fonts.
DEFINITIONS
"Font Software" refers to the set of files released by the Copyright
Holder(s) under this licence and clearly marked as such. This may
include source files, build scripts and documentation.
"Original Version" refers to the collection of Font Software components
as received under this licence.
"Modified Version" refers to any derivative made by adding to, deleting,
or substituting -- in part or in whole -- any of the components of the
Original Version, by changing formats or by porting the Font Software to
a new environment.
"Copyright Holder(s)" refers to all individuals and companies who have a
copyright ownership of the Font Software.
"Substantially Changed" refers to Modified Versions which can be easily
identified as dissimilar to the Font Software by users of the Font
Software comparing the Original Version with the Modified Version.
To "Propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification and with or without charging
a redistribution fee), making available to the public, and in some
countries other activities as well.
PERMISSION & CONDITIONS
This licence does not grant any rights under trademark law and all such
rights are reserved.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of the Font Software, to propagate the Font Software, subject to
the below conditions:
1) Each copy of the Font Software must contain the above copyright
notice and this licence. These can be included either as stand-alone
text files, human-readable headers or in the appropriate machine-
readable metadata fields within text or binary files as long as those
fields can be easily viewed by the user.
2) The font name complies with the following:
(a) The Original Version must retain its name, unmodified.
(b) Modified Versions which are Substantially Changed must be renamed to
avoid use of the name of the Original Version or similar names entirely.
(c) Modified Versions which are not Substantially Changed must be
renamed to both (i) retain the name of the Original Version and (ii) add
additional naming elements to distinguish the Modified Version from the
Original Version. The name of such Modified Versions must be the name of
the Original Version, with "derivative X" where X represents the name of
the new work, appended to that name.
3) The name(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) and any contributor to the
Font Software shall not be used to promote, endorse or advertise any
Modified Version, except (i) as required by this licence, (ii) to
acknowledge the contribution(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) or (iii) with
their explicit written permission.
4) The Font Software, modified or unmodified, in part or in whole, must
be distributed entirely under this licence, and must not be distributed
under any other licence. The requirement for fonts to remain under this
licence does not affect any document created using the Font Software,
except any version of the Font Software extracted from a document
created using the Font Software may only be distributed under this
licence.
TERMINATION
This licence becomes null and void if any of the above conditions are
not met.
DISCLAIMER
THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF
COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE.

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$(function() {
if (!EVALEX_TRUSTED) {
initPinBox();
}
/**
* if we are in console mode, show the console.
*/
if (CONSOLE_MODE && EVALEX) {
openShell(null, $('div.console div.inner').empty(), 0);
}
$('div.traceback div.frame').each(function() {
var
target = $('pre', this),
consoleNode = null,
frameID = this.id.substring(6);
target.click(function() {
$(this).parent().toggleClass('expanded');
});
/**
* Add an interactive console to the frames
*/
if (EVALEX && target.is('.current')) {
$('<img src="?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=console.png">')
.attr('title', 'Open an interactive python shell in this frame')
.click(function() {
consoleNode = openShell(consoleNode, target, frameID);
return false;
})
.prependTo(target);
}
});
/**
* toggle traceback types on click.
*/
$('h2.traceback').click(function() {
$(this).next().slideToggle('fast');
$('div.plain').slideToggle('fast');
}).css('cursor', 'pointer');
$('div.plain').hide();
/**
* Add extra info (this is here so that only users with JavaScript
* enabled see it.)
*/
$('span.nojavascript')
.removeClass('nojavascript')
.html('<p>To switch between the interactive traceback and the plaintext ' +
'one, you can click on the "Traceback" headline. From the text ' +
'traceback you can also create a paste of it. ' + (!EVALEX ? '' :
'For code execution mouse-over the frame you want to debug and ' +
'click on the console icon on the right side.' +
'<p>You can execute arbitrary Python code in the stack frames and ' +
'there are some extra helpers available for introspection:' +
'<ul><li><code>dump()</code> shows all variables in the frame' +
'<li><code>dump(obj)</code> dumps all that\'s known about the object</ul>'));
/**
* Add the pastebin feature
*/
$('div.plain form')
.submit(function() {
var label = $('input[type="submit"]', this);
var old_val = label.val();
label.val('submitting...');
$.ajax({
dataType: 'json',
url: document.location.pathname,
data: {__debugger__: 'yes', tb: TRACEBACK, cmd: 'paste',
s: SECRET},
success: function(data) {
$('div.plain span.pastemessage')
.removeClass('pastemessage')
.text('Paste created: ')
.append($('<a>#' + data.id + '</a>').attr('href', data.url));
},
error: function() {
alert('Error: Could not submit paste. No network connection?');
label.val(old_val);
}
});
return false;
});
// if we have javascript we submit by ajax anyways, so no need for the
// not scaling textarea.
var plainTraceback = $('div.plain textarea');
plainTraceback.replaceWith($('<pre>').text(plainTraceback.text()));
});
function initPinBox() {
$('.pin-prompt form').submit(function(evt) {
evt.preventDefault();
var pin = this.pin.value;
var btn = this.btn;
btn.disabled = true;
$.ajax({
dataType: 'json',
url: document.location.pathname,
data: {__debugger__: 'yes', cmd: 'pinauth', pin: pin,
s: SECRET},
success: function(data) {
btn.disabled = false;
if (data.auth) {
EVALEX_TRUSTED = true;
$('.pin-prompt').fadeOut();
} else {
if (data.exhausted) {
alert('Error: too many attempts. Restart server to retry.');
} else {
alert('Error: incorrect pin');
}
}
console.log(data);
},
error: function() {
btn.disabled = false;
alert('Error: Could not verify PIN. Network error?');
}
});
});
}
function promptForPin() {
if (!EVALEX_TRUSTED) {
$.ajax({
url: document.location.pathname,
data: {__debugger__: 'yes', cmd: 'printpin', s: SECRET}
});
$('.pin-prompt').fadeIn(function() {
$('.pin-prompt input[name="pin"]').focus();
});
}
}
/**
* Helper function for shell initialization
*/
function openShell(consoleNode, target, frameID) {
promptForPin();
if (consoleNode)
return consoleNode.slideToggle('fast');
consoleNode = $('<pre class="console">')
.appendTo(target.parent())
.hide()
var historyPos = 0, history = [''];
var output = $('<div class="output">[console ready]</div>')
.appendTo(consoleNode);
var form = $('<form>&gt;&gt;&gt; </form>')
.submit(function() {
var cmd = command.val();
$.get('', {
__debugger__: 'yes', cmd: cmd, frm: frameID, s: SECRET}, function(data) {
var tmp = $('<div>').html(data);
$('span.extended', tmp).each(function() {
var hidden = $(this).wrap('<span>').hide();
hidden
.parent()
.append($('<a href="#" class="toggle">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>')
.click(function() {
hidden.toggle();
$(this).toggleClass('open')
return false;
}));
});
output.append(tmp);
command.focus();
consoleNode.scrollTop(consoleNode.get(0).scrollHeight);
var old = history.pop();
history.push(cmd);
if (typeof old != 'undefined')
history.push(old);
historyPos = history.length - 1;
});
command.val('');
return false;
}).
appendTo(consoleNode);
var command = $('<input type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false">')
.appendTo(form)
.keydown(function(e) {
if (e.charCode == 100 && e.ctrlKey) {
output.text('--- screen cleared ---');
return false;
}
else if (e.charCode == 0 && (e.keyCode == 38 || e.keyCode == 40)) {
if (e.keyCode == 38 && historyPos > 0)
historyPos--;
else if (e.keyCode == 40 && historyPos < history.length)
historyPos++;
command.val(history[historyPos]);
return false;
}
});
return consoleNode.slideDown('fast', function() {
command.focus();
});
}

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@font-face {
font-family: 'Ubuntu';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
src: local('Ubuntu'), local('Ubuntu-Regular'),
url('?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=ubuntu.ttf') format('truetype');
}
body, input { font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
'Verdana', sans-serif; color: #000; text-align: center;
margin: 1em; padding: 0; font-size: 15px; }
h1, h2, h3 { font-family: 'Ubuntu', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode',
'Geneva', 'Verdana', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; }
input { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; text-align: left;
outline: none !important; }
input[type="submit"] { padding: 3px 6px; }
a { color: #11557C; }
a:hover { color: #177199; }
pre, code,
textarea { font-family: 'Consolas', 'Monaco', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',
monospace; font-size: 14px; }
div.debugger { text-align: left; padding: 12px; margin: auto;
background-color: white; }
h1 { font-size: 36px; margin: 0 0 0.3em 0; }
div.detail p { margin: 0 0 8px 13px; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;
font-family: monospace; }
div.explanation { margin: 20px 13px; font-size: 15px; color: #555; }
div.footer { font-size: 13px; text-align: right; margin: 30px 0;
color: #86989B; }
h2 { font-size: 16px; margin: 1.3em 0 0.0 0; padding: 9px;
background-color: #11557C; color: white; }
h2 em, h3 em { font-style: normal; color: #A5D6D9; font-weight: normal; }
div.traceback, div.plain { border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0 0 1em 0; padding: 10px; }
div.plain p { margin: 0; }
div.plain textarea,
div.plain pre { margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding: 4px;
background-color: #E8EFF0; border: 1px solid #D3E7E9; }
div.plain textarea { width: 99%; height: 300px; }
div.traceback h3 { font-size: 1em; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0; }
div.traceback ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 1em; }
div.traceback h4 { font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.7em 0 0.1em 0; }
div.traceback pre { margin: 0; padding: 5px 0 3px 15px;
background-color: #E8EFF0; border: 1px solid #D3E7E9; }
div.traceback pre:hover { background-color: #DDECEE; color: black; cursor: pointer; }
div.traceback div.source.expanded pre + pre { border-top: none; }
div.traceback span.ws { display: none; }
div.traceback pre.before, div.traceback pre.after { display: none; background: white; }
div.traceback div.source.expanded pre.before,
div.traceback div.source.expanded pre.after {
display: block;
}
div.traceback div.source.expanded span.ws {
display: inline;
}
div.traceback blockquote { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 0; }
div.traceback img { float: right; padding: 2px; margin: -3px 2px 0 0; display: none; }
div.traceback img:hover { background-color: #ddd; cursor: pointer;
border-color: #BFDDE0; }
div.traceback pre:hover img { display: block; }
div.traceback cite.filename { font-style: normal; color: #3B666B; }
pre.console { border: 1px solid #ccc; background: white!important;
color: black; padding: 5px!important;
margin: 3px 0 0 0!important; cursor: default!important;
max-height: 400px; overflow: auto; }
pre.console form { color: #555; }
pre.console input { background-color: transparent; color: #555;
width: 90%; font-family: 'Consolas', 'Deja Vu Sans Mono',
'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 14px;
border: none!important; }
span.string { color: #30799B; }
span.number { color: #9C1A1C; }
span.help { color: #3A7734; }
span.object { color: #485F6E; }
span.extended { opacity: 0.5; }
span.extended:hover { opacity: 1; }
a.toggle { text-decoration: none; background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: center center;
background-image: url(?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=more.png); }
a.toggle:hover { background-color: #444; }
a.open { background-image: url(?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=less.png); }
pre.console div.traceback,
pre.console div.box { margin: 5px 10px; white-space: normal;
border: 1px solid #11557C; padding: 10px;
font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
'Verdana', sans-serif; }
pre.console div.box h3,
pre.console div.traceback h3 { margin: -10px -10px 10px -10px; padding: 5px;
background: #11557C; color: white; }
pre.console div.traceback pre:hover { cursor: default; background: #E8EFF0; }
pre.console div.traceback pre.syntaxerror { background: inherit; border: none;
margin: 20px -10px -10px -10px;
padding: 10px; border-top: 1px solid #BFDDE0;
background: #E8EFF0; }
pre.console div.noframe-traceback pre.syntaxerror { margin-top: -10px; border: none; }
pre.console div.box pre.repr { padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color: white; border: none; }
pre.console div.box table { margin-top: 6px; }
pre.console div.box pre { border: none; }
pre.console div.box pre.help { background-color: white; }
pre.console div.box pre.help:hover { cursor: default; }
pre.console table tr { vertical-align: top; }
div.console { border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 4px; background-color: #fafafa; }
div.traceback pre, div.console pre {
white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 should we be so lucky... */
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 ?? */
white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 ?? */
word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
_white-space: pre; /* IE only hack to re-specify in
addition to word-wrap */
}
div.pin-prompt {
position: absolute;
display: none;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
}
div.pin-prompt .inner {
background: #eee;
padding: 10px 50px;
width: 350px;
margin: 10% auto 0 auto;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 2px;
}

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venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/tbtools.py Normal file
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.debug.tbtools
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides various traceback related utility functions.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD.
"""
import re
import os
import sys
import json
import inspect
import traceback
import codecs
from tokenize import TokenError
from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, escape
from werkzeug.debug.console import Console
from werkzeug._compat import range_type, PY2, text_type, string_types, \
to_native, to_unicode
from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
_coding_re = re.compile(br'coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)')
_line_re = re.compile(br'^(.*?)$', re.MULTILINE)
_funcdef_re = re.compile(r'^(\s*def\s)|(.*(?<!\w)lambda(:|\s))|^(\s*@)')
UTF8_COOKIE = b'\xef\xbb\xbf'
system_exceptions = (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt)
try:
system_exceptions += (GeneratorExit,)
except NameError:
pass
HEADER = u'''\
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>%(title)s // Werkzeug Debugger</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=style.css"
type="text/css">
<!-- We need to make sure this has a favicon so that the debugger does
not by accident trigger a request to /favicon.ico which might
change the application state. -->
<link rel="shortcut icon"
href="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=console.png">
<script src="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=jquery.js"></script>
<script src="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=debugger.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var TRACEBACK = %(traceback_id)d,
CONSOLE_MODE = %(console)s,
EVALEX = %(evalex)s,
EVALEX_TRUSTED = %(evalex_trusted)s,
SECRET = "%(secret)s";
</script>
</head>
<body style="background-color: #fff">
<div class="debugger">
'''
FOOTER = u'''\
<div class="footer">
Brought to you by <strong class="arthur">DON'T PANIC</strong>, your
friendly Werkzeug powered traceback interpreter.
</div>
</div>
<div class="pin-prompt">
<div class="inner">
<h3>Console Locked</h3>
<p>
The console is locked and needs to be unlocked by entering the PIN.
You can find the PIN printed out on the standard output of your
shell that runs the server.
<form>
<p>PIN:
<input type=text name=pin size=14>
<input type=submit name=btn value="Confirm Pin">
</form>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
'''
PAGE_HTML = HEADER + u'''\
<h1>%(exception_type)s</h1>
<div class="detail">
<p class="errormsg">%(exception)s</p>
</div>
<h2 class="traceback">Traceback <em>(most recent call last)</em></h2>
%(summary)s
<div class="plain">
<form action="/?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=paste" method="post">
<p>
<input type="hidden" name="language" value="pytb">
This is the Copy/Paste friendly version of the traceback. <span
class="pastemessage">You can also paste this traceback into
a <a href="https://gist.github.com/">gist</a>:
<input type="submit" value="create paste"></span>
</p>
<textarea cols="50" rows="10" name="code" readonly>%(plaintext)s</textarea>
</form>
</div>
<div class="explanation">
The debugger caught an exception in your WSGI application. You can now
look at the traceback which led to the error. <span class="nojavascript">
If you enable JavaScript you can also use additional features such as code
execution (if the evalex feature is enabled), automatic pasting of the
exceptions and much more.</span>
</div>
''' + FOOTER + '''
<!--
%(plaintext_cs)s
-->
'''
CONSOLE_HTML = HEADER + u'''\
<h1>Interactive Console</h1>
<div class="explanation">
In this console you can execute Python expressions in the context of the
application. The initial namespace was created by the debugger automatically.
</div>
<div class="console"><div class="inner">The Console requires JavaScript.</div></div>
''' + FOOTER
SUMMARY_HTML = u'''\
<div class="%(classes)s">
%(title)s
<ul>%(frames)s</ul>
%(description)s
</div>
'''
FRAME_HTML = u'''\
<div class="frame" id="frame-%(id)d">
<h4>File <cite class="filename">"%(filename)s"</cite>,
line <em class="line">%(lineno)s</em>,
in <code class="function">%(function_name)s</code></h4>
<div class="source">%(lines)s</div>
</div>
'''
SOURCE_LINE_HTML = u'''\
<tr class="%(classes)s">
<td class=lineno>%(lineno)s</td>
<td>%(code)s</td>
</tr>
'''
def render_console_html(secret, evalex_trusted=True):
return CONSOLE_HTML % {
'evalex': 'true',
'evalex_trusted': evalex_trusted and 'true' or 'false',
'console': 'true',
'title': 'Console',
'secret': secret,
'traceback_id': -1
}
def get_current_traceback(ignore_system_exceptions=False,
show_hidden_frames=False, skip=0):
"""Get the current exception info as `Traceback` object. Per default
calling this method will reraise system exceptions such as generator exit,
system exit or others. This behavior can be disabled by passing `False`
to the function as first parameter.
"""
exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
if ignore_system_exceptions and exc_type in system_exceptions:
raise
for x in range_type(skip):
if tb.tb_next is None:
break
tb = tb.tb_next
tb = Traceback(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
if not show_hidden_frames:
tb.filter_hidden_frames()
return tb
class Line(object):
"""Helper for the source renderer."""
__slots__ = ('lineno', 'code', 'in_frame', 'current')
def __init__(self, lineno, code):
self.lineno = lineno
self.code = code
self.in_frame = False
self.current = False
def classes(self):
rv = ['line']
if self.in_frame:
rv.append('in-frame')
if self.current:
rv.append('current')
return rv
classes = property(classes)
def render(self):
return SOURCE_LINE_HTML % {
'classes': u' '.join(self.classes),
'lineno': self.lineno,
'code': escape(self.code)
}
class Traceback(object):
"""Wraps a traceback."""
def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
self.exc_type = exc_type
self.exc_value = exc_value
if not isinstance(exc_type, str):
exception_type = exc_type.__name__
if exc_type.__module__ not in ('__builtin__', 'exceptions'):
exception_type = exc_type.__module__ + '.' + exception_type
else:
exception_type = exc_type
self.exception_type = exception_type
# we only add frames to the list that are not hidden. This follows
# the the magic variables as defined by paste.exceptions.collector
self.frames = []
while tb:
self.frames.append(Frame(exc_type, exc_value, tb))
tb = tb.tb_next
def filter_hidden_frames(self):
"""Remove the frames according to the paste spec."""
if not self.frames:
return
new_frames = []
hidden = False
for frame in self.frames:
hide = frame.hide
if hide in ('before', 'before_and_this'):
new_frames = []
hidden = False
if hide == 'before_and_this':
continue
elif hide in ('reset', 'reset_and_this'):
hidden = False
if hide == 'reset_and_this':
continue
elif hide in ('after', 'after_and_this'):
hidden = True
if hide == 'after_and_this':
continue
elif hide or hidden:
continue
new_frames.append(frame)
# if we only have one frame and that frame is from the codeop
# module, remove it.
if len(new_frames) == 1 and self.frames[0].module == 'codeop':
del self.frames[:]
# if the last frame is missing something went terrible wrong :(
elif self.frames[-1] in new_frames:
self.frames[:] = new_frames
def is_syntax_error(self):
"""Is it a syntax error?"""
return isinstance(self.exc_value, SyntaxError)
is_syntax_error = property(is_syntax_error)
def exception(self):
"""String representation of the exception."""
buf = traceback.format_exception_only(self.exc_type, self.exc_value)
rv = ''.join(buf).strip()
return rv.decode('utf-8', 'replace') if PY2 else rv
exception = property(exception)
def log(self, logfile=None):
"""Log the ASCII traceback into a file object."""
if logfile is None:
logfile = sys.stderr
tb = self.plaintext.rstrip() + u'\n'
if PY2:
tb = tb.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
logfile.write(tb)
def paste(self):
"""Create a paste and return the paste id."""
data = json.dumps({
'description': 'Werkzeug Internal Server Error',
'public': False,
'files': {
'traceback.txt': {
'content': self.plaintext
}
}
}).encode('utf-8')
try:
from urllib2 import urlopen
except ImportError:
from urllib.request import urlopen
rv = urlopen('https://api.github.com/gists', data=data)
resp = json.loads(rv.read().decode('utf-8'))
rv.close()
return {
'url': resp['html_url'],
'id': resp['id']
}
def render_summary(self, include_title=True):
"""Render the traceback for the interactive console."""
title = ''
frames = []
classes = ['traceback']
if not self.frames:
classes.append('noframe-traceback')
if include_title:
if self.is_syntax_error:
title = u'Syntax Error'
else:
title = u'Traceback <em>(most recent call last)</em>:'
for frame in self.frames:
frames.append(u'<li%s>%s' % (
frame.info and u' title="%s"' % escape(frame.info) or u'',
frame.render()
))
if self.is_syntax_error:
description_wrapper = u'<pre class=syntaxerror>%s</pre>'
else:
description_wrapper = u'<blockquote>%s</blockquote>'
return SUMMARY_HTML % {
'classes': u' '.join(classes),
'title': title and u'<h3>%s</h3>' % title or u'',
'frames': u'\n'.join(frames),
'description': description_wrapper % escape(self.exception)
}
def render_full(self, evalex=False, secret=None,
evalex_trusted=True):
"""Render the Full HTML page with the traceback info."""
exc = escape(self.exception)
return PAGE_HTML % {
'evalex': evalex and 'true' or 'false',
'evalex_trusted': evalex_trusted and 'true' or 'false',
'console': 'false',
'title': exc,
'exception': exc,
'exception_type': escape(self.exception_type),
'summary': self.render_summary(include_title=False),
'plaintext': escape(self.plaintext),
'plaintext_cs': re.sub('-{2,}', '-', self.plaintext),
'traceback_id': self.id,
'secret': secret
}
def generate_plaintext_traceback(self):
"""Like the plaintext attribute but returns a generator"""
yield u'Traceback (most recent call last):'
for frame in self.frames:
yield u' File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (
frame.filename,
frame.lineno,
frame.function_name
)
yield u' ' + frame.current_line.strip()
yield self.exception
def plaintext(self):
return u'\n'.join(self.generate_plaintext_traceback())
plaintext = cached_property(plaintext)
id = property(lambda x: id(x))
class Frame(object):
"""A single frame in a traceback."""
def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
self.lineno = tb.tb_lineno
self.function_name = tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
self.locals = tb.tb_frame.f_locals
self.globals = tb.tb_frame.f_globals
fn = inspect.getsourcefile(tb) or inspect.getfile(tb)
if fn[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'):
fn = fn[:-1]
# if it's a file on the file system resolve the real filename.
if os.path.isfile(fn):
fn = os.path.realpath(fn)
self.filename = to_unicode(fn, get_filesystem_encoding())
self.module = self.globals.get('__name__')
self.loader = self.globals.get('__loader__')
self.code = tb.tb_frame.f_code
# support for paste's traceback extensions
self.hide = self.locals.get('__traceback_hide__', False)
info = self.locals.get('__traceback_info__')
if info is not None:
try:
info = text_type(info)
except UnicodeError:
info = str(info).decode('utf-8', 'replace')
self.info = info
def render(self):
"""Render a single frame in a traceback."""
return FRAME_HTML % {
'id': self.id,
'filename': escape(self.filename),
'lineno': self.lineno,
'function_name': escape(self.function_name),
'lines': self.render_line_context(),
}
def render_line_context(self):
before, current, after = self.get_context_lines()
rv = []
def render_line(line, cls):
line = line.expandtabs().rstrip()
stripped_line = line.strip()
prefix = len(line) - len(stripped_line)
rv.append(
'<pre class="line %s"><span class="ws">%s</span>%s</pre>' % (
cls, ' ' * prefix, escape(stripped_line) or ' '))
for line in before:
render_line(line, 'before')
render_line(current, 'current')
for line in after:
render_line(line, 'after')
return '\n'.join(rv)
def get_annotated_lines(self):
"""Helper function that returns lines with extra information."""
lines = [Line(idx + 1, x) for idx, x in enumerate(self.sourcelines)]
# find function definition and mark lines
if hasattr(self.code, 'co_firstlineno'):
lineno = self.code.co_firstlineno - 1
while lineno > 0:
if _funcdef_re.match(lines[lineno].code):
break
lineno -= 1
try:
offset = len(inspect.getblock([x.code + '\n' for x
in lines[lineno:]]))
except TokenError:
offset = 0
for line in lines[lineno:lineno + offset]:
line.in_frame = True
# mark current line
try:
lines[self.lineno - 1].current = True
except IndexError:
pass
return lines
def eval(self, code, mode='single'):
"""Evaluate code in the context of the frame."""
if isinstance(code, string_types):
if PY2 and isinstance(code, unicode): # noqa
code = UTF8_COOKIE + code.encode('utf-8')
code = compile(code, '<interactive>', mode)
return eval(code, self.globals, self.locals)
@cached_property
def sourcelines(self):
"""The sourcecode of the file as list of unicode strings."""
# get sourcecode from loader or file
source = None
if self.loader is not None:
try:
if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_source'):
source = self.loader.get_source(self.module)
elif hasattr(self.loader, 'get_source_by_code'):
source = self.loader.get_source_by_code(self.code)
except Exception:
# we munch the exception so that we don't cause troubles
# if the loader is broken.
pass
if source is None:
try:
f = open(to_native(self.filename, get_filesystem_encoding()),
mode='rb')
except IOError:
return []
try:
source = f.read()
finally:
f.close()
# already unicode? return right away
if isinstance(source, text_type):
return source.splitlines()
# yes. it should be ascii, but we don't want to reject too many
# characters in the debugger if something breaks
charset = 'utf-8'
if source.startswith(UTF8_COOKIE):
source = source[3:]
else:
for idx, match in enumerate(_line_re.finditer(source)):
match = _coding_re.search(match.group())
if match is not None:
charset = match.group(1)
break
if idx > 1:
break
# on broken cookies we fall back to utf-8 too
charset = to_native(charset)
try:
codecs.lookup(charset)
except LookupError:
charset = 'utf-8'
return source.decode(charset, 'replace').splitlines()
def get_context_lines(self, context=5):
before = self.sourcelines[self.lineno - context - 1:self.lineno - 1]
past = self.sourcelines[self.lineno:self.lineno + context]
return (
before,
self.current_line,
past,
)
@property
def current_line(self):
try:
return self.sourcelines[self.lineno - 1]
except IndexError:
return u''
@cached_property
def console(self):
return Console(self.globals, self.locals)
id = property(lambda x: id(x))

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements a number of Python exceptions you can raise from
within your views to trigger a standard non-200 response.
Usage Example
-------------
::
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
from werkzeug.wsgi import responder
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound
def view(request):
raise NotFound()
@responder
def application(environ, start_response):
request = BaseRequest(environ)
try:
return view(request)
except HTTPException as e:
return e
As you can see from this example those exceptions are callable WSGI
applications. Because of Python 2.4 compatibility those do not extend
from the response objects but only from the python exception class.
As a matter of fact they are not Werkzeug response objects. However you
can get a response object by calling ``get_response()`` on a HTTP
exception.
Keep in mind that you have to pass an environment to ``get_response()``
because some errors fetch additional information from the WSGI
environment.
If you want to hook in a different exception page to say, a 404 status
code, you can add a second except for a specific subclass of an error::
@responder
def application(environ, start_response):
request = BaseRequest(environ)
try:
return view(request)
except NotFound, e:
return not_found(request)
except HTTPException, e:
return e
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import sys
# Because of bootstrapping reasons we need to manually patch ourselves
# onto our parent module.
import werkzeug
werkzeug.exceptions = sys.modules[__name__]
from werkzeug._internal import _get_environ
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, integer_types, text_type, \
implements_to_string
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
@implements_to_string
class HTTPException(Exception):
"""
Baseclass for all HTTP exceptions. This exception can be called as WSGI
application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses
of it independently and render nicer error messages.
"""
code = None
description = None
def __init__(self, description=None, response=None):
Exception.__init__(self)
if description is not None:
self.description = description
self.response = response
@classmethod
def wrap(cls, exception, name=None):
"""This method returns a new subclass of the exception provided that
also is a subclass of `BadRequest`.
"""
class newcls(cls, exception):
def __init__(self, arg=None, *args, **kwargs):
cls.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
exception.__init__(self, arg)
newcls.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__')
newcls.__name__ = name or cls.__name__ + exception.__name__
return newcls
@property
def name(self):
"""The status name."""
return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(self.code, 'Unknown Error')
def get_description(self, environ=None):
"""Get the description."""
return u'<p>%s</p>' % escape(self.description)
def get_body(self, environ=None):
"""Get the HTML body."""
return text_type((
u'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
u'<title>%(code)s %(name)s</title>\n'
u'<h1>%(name)s</h1>\n'
u'%(description)s\n'
) % {
'code': self.code,
'name': escape(self.name),
'description': self.get_description(environ)
})
def get_headers(self, environ=None):
"""Get a list of headers."""
return [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]
def get_response(self, environ=None):
"""Get a response object. If one was passed to the exception
it's returned directly.
:param environ: the optional environ for the request. This
can be used to modify the response depending
on how the request looked like.
:return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof.
"""
if self.response is not None:
return self.response
if environ is not None:
environ = _get_environ(environ)
headers = self.get_headers(environ)
return Response(self.get_body(environ), self.code, headers)
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
"""Call the exception as WSGI application.
:param environ: the WSGI environment.
:param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
server.
"""
response = self.get_response(environ)
return response(environ, start_response)
def __str__(self):
code = self.code if self.code is not None else '???'
return '%s %s: %s' % (code, self.name, self.description)
def __repr__(self):
code = self.code if self.code is not None else '???'
return "<%s '%s: %s'>" % (self.__class__.__name__, code, self.name)
class BadRequest(HTTPException):
"""*400* `Bad Request`
Raise if the browser sends something to the application the application
or server cannot handle.
"""
code = 400
description = (
'The browser (or proxy) sent a request that this server could '
'not understand.'
)
class ClientDisconnected(BadRequest):
"""Internal exception that is raised if Werkzeug detects a disconnected
client. Since the client is already gone at that point attempting to
send the error message to the client might not work and might ultimately
result in another exception in the server. Mainly this is here so that
it is silenced by default as far as Werkzeug is concerned.
Since disconnections cannot be reliably detected and are unspecified
by WSGI to a large extent this might or might not be raised if a client
is gone.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
class SecurityError(BadRequest):
"""Raised if something triggers a security error. This is otherwise
exactly like a bad request error.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
class BadHost(BadRequest):
"""Raised if the submitted host is badly formatted.
.. versionadded:: 0.11.2
"""
class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
"""*401* `Unauthorized`
Raise if the user is not authorized. Also used if you want to use HTTP
basic auth.
"""
code = 401
description = (
'The server could not verify that you are authorized to access '
'the URL requested. You either supplied the wrong credentials (e.g. '
'a bad password), or your browser doesn\'t understand how to supply '
'the credentials required.'
)
class Forbidden(HTTPException):
"""*403* `Forbidden`
Raise if the user doesn't have the permission for the requested resource
but was authenticated.
"""
code = 403
description = (
'You don\'t have the permission to access the requested resource. '
'It is either read-protected or not readable by the server.'
)
class NotFound(HTTPException):
"""*404* `Not Found`
Raise if a resource does not exist and never existed.
"""
code = 404
description = (
'The requested URL was not found on the server. '
'If you entered the URL manually please check your spelling and '
'try again.'
)
class MethodNotAllowed(HTTPException):
"""*405* `Method Not Allowed`
Raise if the server used a method the resource does not handle. For
example `POST` if the resource is view only. Especially useful for REST.
The first argument for this exception should be a list of allowed methods.
Strictly speaking the response would be invalid if you don't provide valid
methods in the header which you can do with that list.
"""
code = 405
description = 'The method is not allowed for the requested URL.'
def __init__(self, valid_methods=None, description=None):
"""Takes an optional list of valid http methods
starting with werkzeug 0.3 the list will be mandatory."""
HTTPException.__init__(self, description)
self.valid_methods = valid_methods
def get_headers(self, environ):
headers = HTTPException.get_headers(self, environ)
if self.valid_methods:
headers.append(('Allow', ', '.join(self.valid_methods)))
return headers
class NotAcceptable(HTTPException):
"""*406* `Not Acceptable`
Raise if the server can't return any content conforming to the
`Accept` headers of the client.
"""
code = 406
description = (
'The resource identified by the request is only capable of '
'generating response entities which have content characteristics '
'not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the '
'request.'
)
class RequestTimeout(HTTPException):
"""*408* `Request Timeout`
Raise to signalize a timeout.
"""
code = 408
description = (
'The server closed the network connection because the browser '
'didn\'t finish the request within the specified time.'
)
class Conflict(HTTPException):
"""*409* `Conflict`
Raise to signal that a request cannot be completed because it conflicts
with the current state on the server.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 409
description = (
'A conflict happened while processing the request. The resource '
'might have been modified while the request was being processed.'
)
class Gone(HTTPException):
"""*410* `Gone`
Raise if a resource existed previously and went away without new location.
"""
code = 410
description = (
'The requested URL is no longer available on this server and there '
'is no forwarding address. If you followed a link from a foreign '
'page, please contact the author of this page.'
)
class LengthRequired(HTTPException):
"""*411* `Length Required`
Raise if the browser submitted data but no ``Content-Length`` header which
is required for the kind of processing the server does.
"""
code = 411
description = (
'A request with this method requires a valid <code>Content-'
'Length</code> header.'
)
class PreconditionFailed(HTTPException):
"""*412* `Precondition Failed`
Status code used in combination with ``If-Match``, ``If-None-Match``, or
``If-Unmodified-Since``.
"""
code = 412
description = (
'The precondition on the request for the URL failed positive '
'evaluation.'
)
class RequestEntityTooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*413* `Request Entity Too Large`
The status code one should return if the data submitted exceeded a given
limit.
"""
code = 413
description = (
'The data value transmitted exceeds the capacity limit.'
)
class RequestURITooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*414* `Request URI Too Large`
Like *413* but for too long URLs.
"""
code = 414
description = (
'The length of the requested URL exceeds the capacity limit '
'for this server. The request cannot be processed.'
)
class UnsupportedMediaType(HTTPException):
"""*415* `Unsupported Media Type`
The status code returned if the server is unable to handle the media type
the client transmitted.
"""
code = 415
description = (
'The server does not support the media type transmitted in '
'the request.'
)
class RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable(HTTPException):
"""*416* `Requested Range Not Satisfiable`
The client asked for an invalid part of the file.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 416
description = (
'The server cannot provide the requested range.'
)
def __init__(self, length=None, units="bytes", description=None):
"""Takes an optional `Content-Range` header value based on ``length``
parameter.
"""
HTTPException.__init__(self, description)
self.length = length
self.units = units
def get_headers(self, environ):
headers = HTTPException.get_headers(self, environ)
if self.length is not None:
headers.append(
('Content-Range', '%s */%d' % (self.units, self.length)))
return headers
class ExpectationFailed(HTTPException):
"""*417* `Expectation Failed`
The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 417
description = (
'The server could not meet the requirements of the Expect header'
)
class ImATeapot(HTTPException):
"""*418* `I'm a teapot`
The server should return this if it is a teapot and someone attempted
to brew coffee with it.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
code = 418
description = (
'This server is a teapot, not a coffee machine'
)
class UnprocessableEntity(HTTPException):
"""*422* `Unprocessable Entity`
Used if the request is well formed, but the instructions are otherwise
incorrect.
"""
code = 422
description = (
'The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed '
'due to semantic errors.'
)
class Locked(HTTPException):
"""*423* `Locked`
Used if the resource that is being accessed is locked.
"""
code = 423
description = (
'The resource that is being accessed is locked.'
)
class PreconditionRequired(HTTPException):
"""*428* `Precondition Required`
The server requires this request to be conditional, typically to prevent
the lost update problem, which is a race condition between two or more
clients attempting to update a resource through PUT or DELETE. By requiring
each client to include a conditional header ("If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-
Since") with the proper value retained from a recent GET request, the
server ensures that each client has at least seen the previous revision of
the resource.
"""
code = 428
description = (
'This request is required to be conditional; try using "If-Match" '
'or "If-Unmodified-Since".'
)
class TooManyRequests(HTTPException):
"""*429* `Too Many Requests`
The server is limiting the rate at which this user receives responses, and
this request exceeds that rate. (The server may use any convenient method
to identify users and their request rates). The server may include a
"Retry-After" header to indicate how long the user should wait before
retrying.
"""
code = 429
description = (
'This user has exceeded an allotted request count. Try again later.'
)
class RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge(HTTPException):
"""*431* `Request Header Fields Too Large`
The server refuses to process the request because the header fields are too
large. One or more individual fields may be too large, or the set of all
headers is too large.
"""
code = 431
description = (
'One or more header fields exceeds the maximum size.'
)
class UnavailableForLegalReasons(HTTPException):
"""*451* `Unavailable For Legal Reasons`
This status code indicates that the server is denying access to the
resource as a consequence of a legal demand.
"""
code = 451
description = (
'Unavailable for legal reasons.'
)
class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
"""*500* `Internal Server Error`
Raise if an internal server error occurred. This is a good fallback if an
unknown error occurred in the dispatcher.
"""
code = 500
description = (
'The server encountered an internal error and was unable to '
'complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there '
'is an error in the application.'
)
class NotImplemented(HTTPException):
"""*501* `Not Implemented`
Raise if the application does not support the action requested by the
browser.
"""
code = 501
description = (
'The server does not support the action requested by the '
'browser.'
)
class BadGateway(HTTPException):
"""*502* `Bad Gateway`
If you do proxying in your application you should return this status code
if you received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed
in attempting to fulfill the request.
"""
code = 502
description = (
'The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream '
'server.'
)
class ServiceUnavailable(HTTPException):
"""*503* `Service Unavailable`
Status code you should return if a service is temporarily unavailable.
"""
code = 503
description = (
'The server is temporarily unable to service your request due to '
'maintenance downtime or capacity problems. Please try again '
'later.'
)
class GatewayTimeout(HTTPException):
"""*504* `Gateway Timeout`
Status code you should return if a connection to an upstream server
times out.
"""
code = 504
description = (
'The connection to an upstream server timed out.'
)
class HTTPVersionNotSupported(HTTPException):
"""*505* `HTTP Version Not Supported`
The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.
"""
code = 505
description = (
'The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the '
'request.'
)
default_exceptions = {}
__all__ = ['HTTPException']
def _find_exceptions():
for name, obj in iteritems(globals()):
try:
is_http_exception = issubclass(obj, HTTPException)
except TypeError:
is_http_exception = False
if not is_http_exception or obj.code is None:
continue
__all__.append(obj.__name__)
old_obj = default_exceptions.get(obj.code, None)
if old_obj is not None and issubclass(obj, old_obj):
continue
default_exceptions[obj.code] = obj
_find_exceptions()
del _find_exceptions
class Aborter(object):
"""
When passed a dict of code -> exception items it can be used as
callable that raises exceptions. If the first argument to the
callable is an integer it will be looked up in the mapping, if it's
a WSGI application it will be raised in a proxy exception.
The rest of the arguments are forwarded to the exception constructor.
"""
def __init__(self, mapping=None, extra=None):
if mapping is None:
mapping = default_exceptions
self.mapping = dict(mapping)
if extra is not None:
self.mapping.update(extra)
def __call__(self, code, *args, **kwargs):
if not args and not kwargs and not isinstance(code, integer_types):
raise HTTPException(response=code)
if code not in self.mapping:
raise LookupError('no exception for %r' % code)
raise self.mapping[code](*args, **kwargs)
def abort(status, *args, **kwargs):
'''
Raises an :py:exc:`HTTPException` for the given status code or WSGI
application::
abort(404) # 404 Not Found
abort(Response('Hello World'))
Can be passed a WSGI application or a status code. If a status code is
given it's looked up in the list of exceptions and will raise that
exception, if passed a WSGI application it will wrap it in a proxy WSGI
exception and raise that::
abort(404)
abort(Response('Hello World'))
'''
return _aborter(status, *args, **kwargs)
_aborter = Aborter()
#: an exception that is used internally to signal both a key error and a
#: bad request. Used by a lot of the datastructures.
BadRequestKeyError = BadRequest.wrap(KeyError)
# imported here because of circular dependencies of werkzeug.utils
from werkzeug.utils import escape
from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.filesystem
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Various utilities for the local filesystem.
:copyright: (c) 2015 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import codecs
import sys
import warnings
# We do not trust traditional unixes.
has_likely_buggy_unicode_filesystem = \
sys.platform.startswith('linux') or 'bsd' in sys.platform
def _is_ascii_encoding(encoding):
"""
Given an encoding this figures out if the encoding is actually ASCII (which
is something we don't actually want in most cases). This is necessary
because ASCII comes under many names such as ANSI_X3.4-1968.
"""
if encoding is None:
return False
try:
return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == 'ascii'
except LookupError:
return False
class BrokenFilesystemWarning(RuntimeWarning, UnicodeWarning):
'''The warning used by Werkzeug to signal a broken filesystem. Will only be
used once per runtime.'''
_warned_about_filesystem_encoding = False
def get_filesystem_encoding():
"""
Returns the filesystem encoding that should be used. Note that this is
different from the Python understanding of the filesystem encoding which
might be deeply flawed. Do not use this value against Python's unicode APIs
because it might be different. See :ref:`filesystem-encoding` for the exact
behavior.
The concept of a filesystem encoding in generally is not something you
should rely on. As such if you ever need to use this function except for
writing wrapper code reconsider.
"""
global _warned_about_filesystem_encoding
rv = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
if has_likely_buggy_unicode_filesystem and not rv \
or _is_ascii_encoding(rv):
if not _warned_about_filesystem_encoding:
warnings.warn(
'Detected a misconfigured UNIX filesystem: Will use UTF-8 as '
'filesystem encoding instead of {0!r}'.format(rv),
BrokenFilesystemWarning)
_warned_about_filesystem_encoding = True
return 'utf-8'
return rv

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.formparser
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements the form parsing. It supports url-encoded forms
as well as non-nested multipart uploads.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
import codecs
from io import BytesIO
from tempfile import TemporaryFile
from itertools import chain, repeat, tee
from functools import update_wrapper
from werkzeug._compat import to_native, text_type
from werkzeug.urls import url_decode_stream
from werkzeug.wsgi import make_line_iter, \
get_input_stream, get_content_length
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, FileStorage, MultiDict
from werkzeug.http import parse_options_header
#: an iterator that yields empty strings
_empty_string_iter = repeat('')
#: a regular expression for multipart boundaries
_multipart_boundary_re = re.compile('^[ -~]{0,200}[!-~]$')
#: supported http encodings that are also available in python we support
#: for multipart messages.
_supported_multipart_encodings = frozenset(['base64', 'quoted-printable'])
def default_stream_factory(total_content_length, filename, content_type,
content_length=None):
"""The stream factory that is used per default."""
if total_content_length > 1024 * 500:
return TemporaryFile('wb+')
return BytesIO()
def parse_form_data(environ, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8',
errors='replace', max_form_memory_size=None,
max_content_length=None, cls=None,
silent=True):
"""Parse the form data in the environ and return it as tuple in the form
``(stream, form, files)``. You should only call this method if the
transport method is `POST`, `PUT`, or `PATCH`.
If the mimetype of the data transmitted is `multipart/form-data` the
files multidict will be filled with `FileStorage` objects. If the
mimetype is unknown the input stream is wrapped and returned as first
argument, else the stream is empty.
This is a shortcut for the common usage of :class:`FormDataParser`.
Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
The `max_form_memory_size`, `max_content_length` and
`cls` parameters were added.
.. versionadded:: 0.5.1
The optional `silent` flag was added.
:param environ: the WSGI environment to be used for parsing.
:param stream_factory: An optional callable that returns a new read and
writeable file descriptor. This callable works
the same as :meth:`~BaseResponse._get_file_stream`.
:param charset: The character set for URL and url encoded form data.
:param errors: The encoding error behavior.
:param max_form_memory_size: the maximum number of bytes to be accepted for
in-memory stored form data. If the data
exceeds the value specified an
:exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
exception is raised.
:param max_content_length: If this is provided and the transmitted data
is longer than this value an
:exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
exception is raised.
:param cls: an optional dict class to use. If this is not specified
or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
:param silent: If set to False parsing errors will not be caught.
:return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
"""
return FormDataParser(stream_factory, charset, errors,
max_form_memory_size, max_content_length,
cls, silent).parse_from_environ(environ)
def exhaust_stream(f):
"""Helper decorator for methods that exhausts the stream on return."""
def wrapper(self, stream, *args, **kwargs):
try:
return f(self, stream, *args, **kwargs)
finally:
exhaust = getattr(stream, 'exhaust', None)
if exhaust is not None:
exhaust()
else:
while 1:
chunk = stream.read(1024 * 64)
if not chunk:
break
return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)
class FormDataParser(object):
"""This class implements parsing of form data for Werkzeug. By itself
it can parse multipart and url encoded form data. It can be subclassed
and extended but for most mimetypes it is a better idea to use the
untouched stream and expose it as separate attributes on a request
object.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
:param stream_factory: An optional callable that returns a new read and
writeable file descriptor. This callable works
the same as :meth:`~BaseResponse._get_file_stream`.
:param charset: The character set for URL and url encoded form data.
:param errors: The encoding error behavior.
:param max_form_memory_size: the maximum number of bytes to be accepted for
in-memory stored form data. If the data
exceeds the value specified an
:exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
exception is raised.
:param max_content_length: If this is provided and the transmitted data
is longer than this value an
:exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
exception is raised.
:param cls: an optional dict class to use. If this is not specified
or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
:param silent: If set to False parsing errors will not be caught.
"""
def __init__(self, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8',
errors='replace', max_form_memory_size=None,
max_content_length=None, cls=None,
silent=True):
if stream_factory is None:
stream_factory = default_stream_factory
self.stream_factory = stream_factory
self.charset = charset
self.errors = errors
self.max_form_memory_size = max_form_memory_size
self.max_content_length = max_content_length
if cls is None:
cls = MultiDict
self.cls = cls
self.silent = silent
def get_parse_func(self, mimetype, options):
return self.parse_functions.get(mimetype)
def parse_from_environ(self, environ):
"""Parses the information from the environment as form data.
:param environ: the WSGI environment to be used for parsing.
:return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
"""
content_type = environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
content_length = get_content_length(environ)
mimetype, options = parse_options_header(content_type)
return self.parse(get_input_stream(environ), mimetype,
content_length, options)
def parse(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options=None):
"""Parses the information from the given stream, mimetype,
content length and mimetype parameters.
:param stream: an input stream
:param mimetype: the mimetype of the data
:param content_length: the content length of the incoming data
:param options: optional mimetype parameters (used for
the multipart boundary for instance)
:return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
"""
if self.max_content_length is not None and \
content_length is not None and \
content_length > self.max_content_length:
raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
if options is None:
options = {}
parse_func = self.get_parse_func(mimetype, options)
if parse_func is not None:
try:
return parse_func(self, stream, mimetype,
content_length, options)
except ValueError:
if not self.silent:
raise
return stream, self.cls(), self.cls()
@exhaust_stream
def _parse_multipart(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options):
parser = MultiPartParser(self.stream_factory, self.charset, self.errors,
max_form_memory_size=self.max_form_memory_size,
cls=self.cls)
boundary = options.get('boundary')
if boundary is None:
raise ValueError('Missing boundary')
if isinstance(boundary, text_type):
boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')
form, files = parser.parse(stream, boundary, content_length)
return stream, form, files
@exhaust_stream
def _parse_urlencoded(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options):
if self.max_form_memory_size is not None and \
content_length is not None and \
content_length > self.max_form_memory_size:
raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
form = url_decode_stream(stream, self.charset,
errors=self.errors, cls=self.cls)
return stream, form, self.cls()
#: mapping of mimetypes to parsing functions
parse_functions = {
'multipart/form-data': _parse_multipart,
'application/x-www-form-urlencoded': _parse_urlencoded,
'application/x-url-encoded': _parse_urlencoded
}
def is_valid_multipart_boundary(boundary):
"""Checks if the string given is a valid multipart boundary."""
return _multipart_boundary_re.match(boundary) is not None
def _line_parse(line):
"""Removes line ending characters and returns a tuple (`stripped_line`,
`is_terminated`).
"""
if line[-2:] in ['\r\n', b'\r\n']:
return line[:-2], True
elif line[-1:] in ['\r', '\n', b'\r', b'\n']:
return line[:-1], True
return line, False
def parse_multipart_headers(iterable):
"""Parses multipart headers from an iterable that yields lines (including
the trailing newline symbol). The iterable has to be newline terminated.
The iterable will stop at the line where the headers ended so it can be
further consumed.
:param iterable: iterable of strings that are newline terminated
"""
result = []
for line in iterable:
line = to_native(line)
line, line_terminated = _line_parse(line)
if not line_terminated:
raise ValueError('unexpected end of line in multipart header')
if not line:
break
elif line[0] in ' \t' and result:
key, value = result[-1]
result[-1] = (key, value + '\n ' + line[1:])
else:
parts = line.split(':', 1)
if len(parts) == 2:
result.append((parts[0].strip(), parts[1].strip()))
# we link the list to the headers, no need to create a copy, the
# list was not shared anyways.
return Headers(result)
_begin_form = 'begin_form'
_begin_file = 'begin_file'
_cont = 'cont'
_end = 'end'
class MultiPartParser(object):
def __init__(self, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8', errors='replace',
max_form_memory_size=None, cls=None, buffer_size=64 * 1024):
self.charset = charset
self.errors = errors
self.max_form_memory_size = max_form_memory_size
self.stream_factory = default_stream_factory if stream_factory is None else stream_factory
self.cls = MultiDict if cls is None else cls
# make sure the buffer size is divisible by four so that we can base64
# decode chunk by chunk
assert buffer_size % 4 == 0, 'buffer size has to be divisible by 4'
# also the buffer size has to be at least 1024 bytes long or long headers
# will freak out the system
assert buffer_size >= 1024, 'buffer size has to be at least 1KB'
self.buffer_size = buffer_size
def _fix_ie_filename(self, filename):
"""Internet Explorer 6 transmits the full file name if a file is
uploaded. This function strips the full path if it thinks the
filename is Windows-like absolute.
"""
if filename[1:3] == ':\\' or filename[:2] == '\\\\':
return filename.split('\\')[-1]
return filename
def _find_terminator(self, iterator):
"""The terminator might have some additional newlines before it.
There is at least one application that sends additional newlines
before headers (the python setuptools package).
"""
for line in iterator:
if not line:
break
line = line.strip()
if line:
return line
return b''
def fail(self, message):
raise ValueError(message)
def get_part_encoding(self, headers):
transfer_encoding = headers.get('content-transfer-encoding')
if transfer_encoding is not None and \
transfer_encoding in _supported_multipart_encodings:
return transfer_encoding
def get_part_charset(self, headers):
# Figure out input charset for current part
content_type = headers.get('content-type')
if content_type:
mimetype, ct_params = parse_options_header(content_type)
return ct_params.get('charset', self.charset)
return self.charset
def start_file_streaming(self, filename, headers, total_content_length):
if isinstance(filename, bytes):
filename = filename.decode(self.charset, self.errors)
filename = self._fix_ie_filename(filename)
content_type = headers.get('content-type')
try:
content_length = int(headers['content-length'])
except (KeyError, ValueError):
content_length = 0
container = self.stream_factory(total_content_length, content_type,
filename, content_length)
return filename, container
def in_memory_threshold_reached(self, bytes):
raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
def validate_boundary(self, boundary):
if not boundary:
self.fail('Missing boundary')
if not is_valid_multipart_boundary(boundary):
self.fail('Invalid boundary: %s' % boundary)
if len(boundary) > self.buffer_size: # pragma: no cover
# this should never happen because we check for a minimum size
# of 1024 and boundaries may not be longer than 200. The only
# situation when this happens is for non debug builds where
# the assert is skipped.
self.fail('Boundary longer than buffer size')
def parse_lines(self, file, boundary, content_length, cap_at_buffer=True):
"""Generate parts of
``('begin_form', (headers, name))``
``('begin_file', (headers, name, filename))``
``('cont', bytestring)``
``('end', None)``
Always obeys the grammar
parts = ( begin_form cont* end |
begin_file cont* end )*
"""
next_part = b'--' + boundary
last_part = next_part + b'--'
iterator = chain(make_line_iter(file, limit=content_length,
buffer_size=self.buffer_size,
cap_at_buffer=cap_at_buffer),
_empty_string_iter)
terminator = self._find_terminator(iterator)
if terminator == last_part:
return
elif terminator != next_part:
self.fail('Expected boundary at start of multipart data')
while terminator != last_part:
headers = parse_multipart_headers(iterator)
disposition = headers.get('content-disposition')
if disposition is None:
self.fail('Missing Content-Disposition header')
disposition, extra = parse_options_header(disposition)
transfer_encoding = self.get_part_encoding(headers)
name = extra.get('name')
filename = extra.get('filename')
# if no content type is given we stream into memory. A list is
# used as a temporary container.
if filename is None:
yield _begin_form, (headers, name)
# otherwise we parse the rest of the headers and ask the stream
# factory for something we can write in.
else:
yield _begin_file, (headers, name, filename)
buf = b''
for line in iterator:
if not line:
self.fail('unexpected end of stream')
if line[:2] == b'--':
terminator = line.rstrip()
if terminator in (next_part, last_part):
break
if transfer_encoding is not None:
if transfer_encoding == 'base64':
transfer_encoding = 'base64_codec'
try:
line = codecs.decode(line, transfer_encoding)
except Exception:
self.fail('could not decode transfer encoded chunk')
# we have something in the buffer from the last iteration.
# this is usually a newline delimiter.
if buf:
yield _cont, buf
buf = b''
# If the line ends with windows CRLF we write everything except
# the last two bytes. In all other cases however we write
# everything except the last byte. If it was a newline, that's
# fine, otherwise it does not matter because we will write it
# the next iteration. this ensures we do not write the
# final newline into the stream. That way we do not have to
# truncate the stream. However we do have to make sure that
# if something else than a newline is in there we write it
# out.
if line[-2:] == b'\r\n':
buf = b'\r\n'
cutoff = -2
else:
buf = line[-1:]
cutoff = -1
yield _cont, line[:cutoff]
else: # pragma: no cover
raise ValueError('unexpected end of part')
# if we have a leftover in the buffer that is not a newline
# character we have to flush it, otherwise we will chop of
# certain values.
if buf not in (b'', b'\r', b'\n', b'\r\n'):
yield _cont, buf
yield _end, None
def parse_parts(self, file, boundary, content_length):
"""Generate ``('file', (name, val))`` and
``('form', (name, val))`` parts.
"""
in_memory = 0
for ellt, ell in self.parse_lines(file, boundary, content_length):
if ellt == _begin_file:
headers, name, filename = ell
is_file = True
guard_memory = False
filename, container = self.start_file_streaming(
filename, headers, content_length)
_write = container.write
elif ellt == _begin_form:
headers, name = ell
is_file = False
container = []
_write = container.append
guard_memory = self.max_form_memory_size is not None
elif ellt == _cont:
_write(ell)
# if we write into memory and there is a memory size limit we
# count the number of bytes in memory and raise an exception if
# there is too much data in memory.
if guard_memory:
in_memory += len(ell)
if in_memory > self.max_form_memory_size:
self.in_memory_threshold_reached(in_memory)
elif ellt == _end:
if is_file:
container.seek(0)
yield ('file',
(name, FileStorage(container, filename, name,
headers=headers)))
else:
part_charset = self.get_part_charset(headers)
yield ('form',
(name, b''.join(container).decode(
part_charset, self.errors)))
def parse(self, file, boundary, content_length):
formstream, filestream = tee(
self.parse_parts(file, boundary, content_length), 2)
form = (p[1] for p in formstream if p[0] == 'form')
files = (p[1] for p in filestream if p[0] == 'file')
return self.cls(form), self.cls(files)
from werkzeug import exceptions

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.local
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements context-local objects.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import copy
from functools import update_wrapper
from werkzeug.wsgi import ClosingIterator
from werkzeug._compat import PY2, implements_bool
# since each thread has its own greenlet we can just use those as identifiers
# for the context. If greenlets are not available we fall back to the
# current thread ident depending on where it is.
try:
from greenlet import getcurrent as get_ident
except ImportError:
try:
from thread import get_ident
except ImportError:
from _thread import get_ident
def release_local(local):
"""Releases the contents of the local for the current context.
This makes it possible to use locals without a manager.
Example::
>>> loc = Local()
>>> loc.foo = 42
>>> release_local(loc)
>>> hasattr(loc, 'foo')
False
With this function one can release :class:`Local` objects as well
as :class:`LocalStack` objects. However it is not possible to
release data held by proxies that way, one always has to retain
a reference to the underlying local object in order to be able
to release it.
.. versionadded:: 0.6.1
"""
local.__release_local__()
class Local(object):
__slots__ = ('__storage__', '__ident_func__')
def __init__(self):
object.__setattr__(self, '__storage__', {})
object.__setattr__(self, '__ident_func__', get_ident)
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.__storage__.items())
def __call__(self, proxy):
"""Create a proxy for a name."""
return LocalProxy(self, proxy)
def __release_local__(self):
self.__storage__.pop(self.__ident_func__(), None)
def __getattr__(self, name):
try:
return self.__storage__[self.__ident_func__()][name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
ident = self.__ident_func__()
storage = self.__storage__
try:
storage[ident][name] = value
except KeyError:
storage[ident] = {name: value}
def __delattr__(self, name):
try:
del self.__storage__[self.__ident_func__()][name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
class LocalStack(object):
"""This class works similar to a :class:`Local` but keeps a stack
of objects instead. This is best explained with an example::
>>> ls = LocalStack()
>>> ls.push(42)
>>> ls.top
42
>>> ls.push(23)
>>> ls.top
23
>>> ls.pop()
23
>>> ls.top
42
They can be force released by using a :class:`LocalManager` or with
the :func:`release_local` function but the correct way is to pop the
item from the stack after using. When the stack is empty it will
no longer be bound to the current context (and as such released).
By calling the stack without arguments it returns a proxy that resolves to
the topmost item on the stack.
.. versionadded:: 0.6.1
"""
def __init__(self):
self._local = Local()
def __release_local__(self):
self._local.__release_local__()
def _get__ident_func__(self):
return self._local.__ident_func__
def _set__ident_func__(self, value):
object.__setattr__(self._local, '__ident_func__', value)
__ident_func__ = property(_get__ident_func__, _set__ident_func__)
del _get__ident_func__, _set__ident_func__
def __call__(self):
def _lookup():
rv = self.top
if rv is None:
raise RuntimeError('object unbound')
return rv
return LocalProxy(_lookup)
def push(self, obj):
"""Pushes a new item to the stack"""
rv = getattr(self._local, 'stack', None)
if rv is None:
self._local.stack = rv = []
rv.append(obj)
return rv
def pop(self):
"""Removes the topmost item from the stack, will return the
old value or `None` if the stack was already empty.
"""
stack = getattr(self._local, 'stack', None)
if stack is None:
return None
elif len(stack) == 1:
release_local(self._local)
return stack[-1]
else:
return stack.pop()
@property
def top(self):
"""The topmost item on the stack. If the stack is empty,
`None` is returned.
"""
try:
return self._local.stack[-1]
except (AttributeError, IndexError):
return None
class LocalManager(object):
"""Local objects cannot manage themselves. For that you need a local
manager. You can pass a local manager multiple locals or add them later
by appending them to `manager.locals`. Every time the manager cleans up,
it will clean up all the data left in the locals for this context.
The `ident_func` parameter can be added to override the default ident
function for the wrapped locals.
.. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
Instead of a manager the :func:`release_local` function can be used
as well.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
`ident_func` was added.
"""
def __init__(self, locals=None, ident_func=None):
if locals is None:
self.locals = []
elif isinstance(locals, Local):
self.locals = [locals]
else:
self.locals = list(locals)
if ident_func is not None:
self.ident_func = ident_func
for local in self.locals:
object.__setattr__(local, '__ident_func__', ident_func)
else:
self.ident_func = get_ident
def get_ident(self):
"""Return the context identifier the local objects use internally for
this context. You cannot override this method to change the behavior
but use it to link other context local objects (such as SQLAlchemy's
scoped sessions) to the Werkzeug locals.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
You can pass a different ident function to the local manager that
will then be propagated to all the locals passed to the
constructor.
"""
return self.ident_func()
def cleanup(self):
"""Manually clean up the data in the locals for this context. Call
this at the end of the request or use `make_middleware()`.
"""
for local in self.locals:
release_local(local)
def make_middleware(self, app):
"""Wrap a WSGI application so that cleaning up happens after
request end.
"""
def application(environ, start_response):
return ClosingIterator(app(environ, start_response), self.cleanup)
return application
def middleware(self, func):
"""Like `make_middleware` but for decorating functions.
Example usage::
@manager.middleware
def application(environ, start_response):
...
The difference to `make_middleware` is that the function passed
will have all the arguments copied from the inner application
(name, docstring, module).
"""
return update_wrapper(self.make_middleware(func), func)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s storages: %d>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
len(self.locals)
)
@implements_bool
class LocalProxy(object):
"""Acts as a proxy for a werkzeug local. Forwards all operations to
a proxied object. The only operations not supported for forwarding
are right handed operands and any kind of assignment.
Example usage::
from werkzeug.local import Local
l = Local()
# these are proxies
request = l('request')
user = l('user')
from werkzeug.local import LocalStack
_response_local = LocalStack()
# this is a proxy
response = _response_local()
Whenever something is bound to l.user / l.request the proxy objects
will forward all operations. If no object is bound a :exc:`RuntimeError`
will be raised.
To create proxies to :class:`Local` or :class:`LocalStack` objects,
call the object as shown above. If you want to have a proxy to an
object looked up by a function, you can (as of Werkzeug 0.6.1) pass
a function to the :class:`LocalProxy` constructor::
session = LocalProxy(lambda: get_current_request().session)
.. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
The class can be instantiated with a callable as well now.
"""
__slots__ = ('__local', '__dict__', '__name__', '__wrapped__')
def __init__(self, local, name=None):
object.__setattr__(self, '_LocalProxy__local', local)
object.__setattr__(self, '__name__', name)
if callable(local) and not hasattr(local, '__release_local__'):
# "local" is a callable that is not an instance of Local or
# LocalManager: mark it as a wrapped function.
object.__setattr__(self, '__wrapped__', local)
def _get_current_object(self):
"""Return the current object. This is useful if you want the real
object behind the proxy at a time for performance reasons or because
you want to pass the object into a different context.
"""
if not hasattr(self.__local, '__release_local__'):
return self.__local()
try:
return getattr(self.__local, self.__name__)
except AttributeError:
raise RuntimeError('no object bound to %s' % self.__name__)
@property
def __dict__(self):
try:
return self._get_current_object().__dict__
except RuntimeError:
raise AttributeError('__dict__')
def __repr__(self):
try:
obj = self._get_current_object()
except RuntimeError:
return '<%s unbound>' % self.__class__.__name__
return repr(obj)
def __bool__(self):
try:
return bool(self._get_current_object())
except RuntimeError:
return False
def __unicode__(self):
try:
return unicode(self._get_current_object()) # noqa
except RuntimeError:
return repr(self)
def __dir__(self):
try:
return dir(self._get_current_object())
except RuntimeError:
return []
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == '__members__':
return dir(self._get_current_object())
return getattr(self._get_current_object(), name)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self._get_current_object()[key] = value
def __delitem__(self, key):
del self._get_current_object()[key]
if PY2:
__getslice__ = lambda x, i, j: x._get_current_object()[i:j]
def __setslice__(self, i, j, seq):
self._get_current_object()[i:j] = seq
def __delslice__(self, i, j):
del self._get_current_object()[i:j]
__setattr__ = lambda x, n, v: setattr(x._get_current_object(), n, v)
__delattr__ = lambda x, n: delattr(x._get_current_object(), n)
__str__ = lambda x: str(x._get_current_object())
__lt__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() < o
__le__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() <= o
__eq__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() == o
__ne__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() != o
__gt__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() > o
__ge__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() >= o
__cmp__ = lambda x, o: cmp(x._get_current_object(), o) # noqa
__hash__ = lambda x: hash(x._get_current_object())
__call__ = lambda x, *a, **kw: x._get_current_object()(*a, **kw)
__len__ = lambda x: len(x._get_current_object())
__getitem__ = lambda x, i: x._get_current_object()[i]
__iter__ = lambda x: iter(x._get_current_object())
__contains__ = lambda x, i: i in x._get_current_object()
__add__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() + o
__sub__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() - o
__mul__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() * o
__floordiv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() // o
__mod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() % o
__divmod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__divmod__(o)
__pow__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() ** o
__lshift__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() << o
__rshift__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() >> o
__and__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() & o
__xor__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() ^ o
__or__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() | o
__div__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__div__(o)
__truediv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__truediv__(o)
__neg__ = lambda x: -(x._get_current_object())
__pos__ = lambda x: +(x._get_current_object())
__abs__ = lambda x: abs(x._get_current_object())
__invert__ = lambda x: ~(x._get_current_object())
__complex__ = lambda x: complex(x._get_current_object())
__int__ = lambda x: int(x._get_current_object())
__long__ = lambda x: long(x._get_current_object()) # noqa
__float__ = lambda x: float(x._get_current_object())
__oct__ = lambda x: oct(x._get_current_object())
__hex__ = lambda x: hex(x._get_current_object())
__index__ = lambda x: x._get_current_object().__index__()
__coerce__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__coerce__(x, o)
__enter__ = lambda x: x._get_current_object().__enter__()
__exit__ = lambda x, *a, **kw: x._get_current_object().__exit__(*a, **kw)
__radd__ = lambda x, o: o + x._get_current_object()
__rsub__ = lambda x, o: o - x._get_current_object()
__rmul__ = lambda x, o: o * x._get_current_object()
__rdiv__ = lambda x, o: o / x._get_current_object()
if PY2:
__rtruediv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__rtruediv__(o)
else:
__rtruediv__ = __rdiv__
__rfloordiv__ = lambda x, o: o // x._get_current_object()
__rmod__ = lambda x, o: o % x._get_current_object()
__rdivmod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__rdivmod__(o)
__copy__ = lambda x: copy.copy(x._get_current_object())
__deepcopy__ = lambda x, memo: copy.deepcopy(x._get_current_object(), memo)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
werkzeug.posixemulation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Provides a POSIX emulation for some features that are relevant to
web applications. The main purpose is to simplify support for
systems such as Windows NT that are not 100% POSIX compatible.
Currently this only implements a :func:`rename` function that
follows POSIX semantics. Eg: if the target file already exists it
will be replaced without asking.
This module was introduced in 0.6.1 and is not a public interface.
It might become one in later versions of Werkzeug.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import sys
import os
import errno
import time
import random
from ._compat import to_unicode
from .filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
can_rename_open_file = False
if os.name == 'nt': # pragma: no cover
_rename = lambda src, dst: False
_rename_atomic = lambda src, dst: False
try:
import ctypes
_MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING = 0x1
_MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH = 0x8
_MoveFileEx = ctypes.windll.kernel32.MoveFileExW
def _rename(src, dst):
src = to_unicode(src, get_filesystem_encoding())
dst = to_unicode(dst, get_filesystem_encoding())
if _rename_atomic(src, dst):
return True
retry = 0
rv = False
while not rv and retry < 100:
rv = _MoveFileEx(src, dst, _MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING |
_MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH)
if not rv:
time.sleep(0.001)
retry += 1
return rv
# new in Vista and Windows Server 2008
_CreateTransaction = ctypes.windll.ktmw32.CreateTransaction
_CommitTransaction = ctypes.windll.ktmw32.CommitTransaction
_MoveFileTransacted = ctypes.windll.kernel32.MoveFileTransactedW
_CloseHandle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.CloseHandle
can_rename_open_file = True
def _rename_atomic(src, dst):
ta = _CreateTransaction(None, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1000, 'Werkzeug rename')
if ta == -1:
return False
try:
retry = 0
rv = False
while not rv and retry < 100:
rv = _MoveFileTransacted(src, dst, None, None,
_MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING |
_MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH, ta)
if rv:
rv = _CommitTransaction(ta)
break
else:
time.sleep(0.001)
retry += 1
return rv
finally:
_CloseHandle(ta)
except Exception:
pass
def rename(src, dst):
# Try atomic or pseudo-atomic rename
if _rename(src, dst):
return
# Fall back to "move away and replace"
try:
os.rename(src, dst)
except OSError as e:
if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise
old = "%s-%08x" % (dst, random.randint(0, sys.maxint))
os.rename(dst, old)
os.rename(src, dst)
try:
os.unlink(old)
except Exception:
pass
else:
rename = os.rename
can_rename_open_file = True

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r'''
werkzeug.script
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. admonition:: Deprecated Functionality
``werkzeug.script`` is deprecated without replacement functionality.
Python's command line support improved greatly with :mod:`argparse`
and a bunch of alternative modules.
Most of the time you have recurring tasks while writing an application
such as starting up an interactive python interpreter with some prefilled
imports, starting the development server, initializing the database or
something similar.
For that purpose werkzeug provides the `werkzeug.script` module which
helps you writing such scripts.
Basic Usage
-----------
The following snippet is roughly the same in every werkzeug script::
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from werkzeug import script
# actions go here
if __name__ == '__main__':
script.run()
Starting this script now does nothing because no actions are defined.
An action is a function in the same module starting with ``"action_"``
which takes a number of arguments where every argument has a default. The
type of the default value specifies the type of the argument.
Arguments can then be passed by position or using ``--name=value`` from
the shell.
Because a runserver and shell command is pretty common there are two
factory functions that create such commands::
def make_app():
from yourapplication import YourApplication
return YourApplication(...)
action_runserver = script.make_runserver(make_app, use_reloader=True)
action_shell = script.make_shell(lambda: {'app': make_app()})
Using The Scripts
-----------------
The script from above can be used like this from the shell now:
.. sourcecode:: text
$ ./manage.py --help
$ ./manage.py runserver localhost 8080 --debugger --no-reloader
$ ./manage.py runserver -p 4000
$ ./manage.py shell
As you can see it's possible to pass parameters as positional arguments
or as named parameters, pretty much like Python function calls.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
'''
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
import inspect
import getopt
from warnings import warn
from os.path import basename
from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
argument_types = {
bool: 'boolean',
str: 'string',
int: 'integer',
float: 'float'
}
converters = {
'boolean': lambda x: x.lower() in ('1', 'true', 'yes', 'on'),
'string': str,
'integer': int,
'float': float
}
def _deprecated():
warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.script is deprecated and '
'will be removed soon'), stacklevel=2)
def run(namespace=None, action_prefix='action_', args=None):
"""Run the script. Participating actions are looked up in the caller's
namespace if no namespace is given, otherwise in the dict provided.
Only items that start with action_prefix are processed as actions. If
you want to use all items in the namespace provided as actions set
action_prefix to an empty string.
:param namespace: An optional dict where the functions are looked up in.
By default the local namespace of the caller is used.
:param action_prefix: The prefix for the functions. Everything else
is ignored.
:param args: the arguments for the function. If not specified
:data:`sys.argv` without the first argument is used.
"""
_deprecated()
if namespace is None:
namespace = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
actions = find_actions(namespace, action_prefix)
if args is None:
args = sys.argv[1:]
if not args or args[0] in ('-h', '--help'):
return print_usage(actions)
elif args[0] not in actions:
fail('Unknown action \'%s\'' % args[0])
arguments = {}
types = {}
key_to_arg = {}
long_options = []
formatstring = ''
func, doc, arg_def = actions[args.pop(0)]
for idx, (arg, shortcut, default, option_type) in enumerate(arg_def):
real_arg = arg.replace('-', '_')
if shortcut:
formatstring += shortcut
if not isinstance(default, bool):
formatstring += ':'
key_to_arg['-' + shortcut] = real_arg
long_options.append(isinstance(default, bool) and arg or arg + '=')
key_to_arg['--' + arg] = real_arg
key_to_arg[idx] = real_arg
types[real_arg] = option_type
arguments[real_arg] = default
try:
optlist, posargs = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, formatstring, long_options)
except getopt.GetoptError as e:
fail(str(e))
specified_arguments = set()
for key, value in enumerate(posargs):
try:
arg = key_to_arg[key]
except IndexError:
fail('Too many parameters')
specified_arguments.add(arg)
try:
arguments[arg] = converters[types[arg]](value)
except ValueError:
fail('Invalid value for argument %s (%s): %s' % (key, arg, value))
for key, value in optlist:
arg = key_to_arg[key]
if arg in specified_arguments:
fail('Argument \'%s\' is specified twice' % arg)
if types[arg] == 'boolean':
if arg.startswith('no_'):
value = 'no'
else:
value = 'yes'
try:
arguments[arg] = converters[types[arg]](value)
except ValueError:
fail('Invalid value for \'%s\': %s' % (key, value))
newargs = {}
for k, v in iteritems(arguments):
newargs[k.startswith('no_') and k[3:] or k] = v
arguments = newargs
return func(**arguments)
def fail(message, code=-1):
"""Fail with an error."""
_deprecated()
print('Error: %s' % message, file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(code)
def find_actions(namespace, action_prefix):
"""Find all the actions in the namespace."""
_deprecated()
actions = {}
for key, value in iteritems(namespace):
if key.startswith(action_prefix):
actions[key[len(action_prefix):]] = analyse_action(value)
return actions
def print_usage(actions):
"""Print the usage information. (Help screen)"""
_deprecated()
actions = sorted(iteritems(actions))
print('usage: %s <action> [<options>]' % basename(sys.argv[0]))
print(' %s --help' % basename(sys.argv[0]))
print()
print('actions:')
for name, (func, doc, arguments) in actions:
print(' %s:' % name)
for line in doc.splitlines():
print(' %s' % line)
if arguments:
print()
for arg, shortcut, default, argtype in arguments:
if isinstance(default, bool):
print(' %s' % (
(shortcut and '-%s, ' % shortcut or '') + '--' + arg
))
else:
print(' %-30s%-10s%s' % (
(shortcut and '-%s, ' % shortcut or '') + '--' + arg,
argtype, default
))
print()
def analyse_action(func):
"""Analyse a function."""
_deprecated()
description = inspect.getdoc(func) or 'undocumented action'
arguments = []
args, varargs, kwargs, defaults = inspect.getargspec(func)
if varargs or kwargs:
raise TypeError('variable length arguments for action not allowed.')
if len(args) != len(defaults or ()):
raise TypeError('not all arguments have proper definitions')
for idx, (arg, definition) in enumerate(zip(args, defaults or ())):
if arg.startswith('_'):
raise TypeError('arguments may not start with an underscore')
if not isinstance(definition, tuple):
shortcut = None
default = definition
else:
shortcut, default = definition
argument_type = argument_types[type(default)]
if isinstance(default, bool) and default is True:
arg = 'no-' + arg
arguments.append((arg.replace('_', '-'), shortcut,
default, argument_type))
return func, description, arguments
def make_shell(init_func=None, banner=None, use_ipython=True):
"""Returns an action callback that spawns a new interactive
python shell.
:param init_func: an optional initialization function that is
called before the shell is started. The return
value of this function is the initial namespace.
:param banner: the banner that is displayed before the shell. If
not specified a generic banner is used instead.
:param use_ipython: if set to `True` ipython is used if available.
"""
_deprecated()
if banner is None:
banner = 'Interactive Werkzeug Shell'
if init_func is None:
init_func = dict
def action(ipython=use_ipython):
"""Start a new interactive python session."""
namespace = init_func()
if ipython:
try:
try:
from IPython.frontend.terminal.embed import InteractiveShellEmbed
sh = InteractiveShellEmbed.instance(banner1=banner)
except ImportError:
from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
sh = IPShellEmbed(banner=banner)
except ImportError:
pass
else:
sh(local_ns=namespace)
return
from code import interact
interact(banner, local=namespace)
return action
def make_runserver(app_factory, hostname='localhost', port=5000,
use_reloader=False, use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
threaded=False, processes=1, static_files=None,
extra_files=None, ssl_context=None):
"""Returns an action callback that spawns a new development server.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
`static_files` and `extra_files` was added.
..versionadded:: 0.6.1
`ssl_context` was added.
:param app_factory: a function that returns a new WSGI application.
:param hostname: the default hostname the server should listen on.
:param port: the default port of the server.
:param use_reloader: the default setting for the reloader.
:param use_evalex: the default setting for the evalex flag of the debugger.
:param threaded: the default threading setting.
:param processes: the default number of processes to start.
:param static_files: optional dict of static files.
:param extra_files: optional list of extra files to track for reloading.
:param ssl_context: optional SSL context for running server in HTTPS mode.
"""
_deprecated()
def action(hostname=('h', hostname), port=('p', port),
reloader=use_reloader, debugger=use_debugger,
evalex=use_evalex, threaded=threaded, processes=processes):
"""Start a new development server."""
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
app = app_factory()
run_simple(hostname, port, app,
use_reloader=reloader, use_debugger=debugger,
use_evalex=evalex, extra_files=extra_files,
reloader_interval=1, threaded=threaded, processes=processes,
static_files=static_files, ssl_context=ssl_context)
return action

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.security
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Security related helpers such as secure password hashing tools.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import os
import hmac
import hashlib
import posixpath
import codecs
from struct import Struct
from random import SystemRandom
from operator import xor
from itertools import starmap
from werkzeug._compat import range_type, PY2, text_type, izip, to_bytes, \
string_types, to_native
SALT_CHARS = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789'
DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 50000
_pack_int = Struct('>I').pack
_builtin_safe_str_cmp = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest', None)
_sys_rng = SystemRandom()
_os_alt_seps = list(sep for sep in [os.path.sep, os.path.altsep]
if sep not in (None, '/'))
def _find_hashlib_algorithms():
algos = getattr(hashlib, 'algorithms', None)
if algos is None:
algos = ('md5', 'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512')
rv = {}
for algo in algos:
func = getattr(hashlib, algo, None)
if func is not None:
rv[algo] = func
return rv
_hash_funcs = _find_hashlib_algorithms()
def pbkdf2_hex(data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS,
keylen=None, hashfunc=None):
"""Like :func:`pbkdf2_bin`, but returns a hex-encoded string.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
:param data: the data to derive.
:param salt: the salt for the derivation.
:param iterations: the number of iterations.
:param keylen: the length of the resulting key. If not provided,
the digest size will be used.
:param hashfunc: the hash function to use. This can either be the
string name of a known hash function, or a function
from the hashlib module. Defaults to sha256.
"""
rv = pbkdf2_bin(data, salt, iterations, keylen, hashfunc)
return to_native(codecs.encode(rv, 'hex_codec'))
_has_native_pbkdf2 = hasattr(hashlib, 'pbkdf2_hmac')
def pbkdf2_bin(data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS,
keylen=None, hashfunc=None):
"""Returns a binary digest for the PBKDF2 hash algorithm of `data`
with the given `salt`. It iterates `iterations` times and produces a
key of `keylen` bytes. By default, SHA-256 is used as hash function;
a different hashlib `hashfunc` can be provided.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
:param data: the data to derive.
:param salt: the salt for the derivation.
:param iterations: the number of iterations.
:param keylen: the length of the resulting key. If not provided
the digest size will be used.
:param hashfunc: the hash function to use. This can either be the
string name of a known hash function or a function
from the hashlib module. Defaults to sha256.
"""
if isinstance(hashfunc, string_types):
hashfunc = _hash_funcs[hashfunc]
elif not hashfunc:
hashfunc = hashlib.sha256
data = to_bytes(data)
salt = to_bytes(salt)
# If we're on Python with pbkdf2_hmac we can try to use it for
# compatible digests.
if _has_native_pbkdf2:
_test_hash = hashfunc()
if hasattr(_test_hash, 'name') and \
_test_hash.name in _hash_funcs:
return hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(_test_hash.name,
data, salt, iterations,
keylen)
mac = hmac.HMAC(data, None, hashfunc)
if not keylen:
keylen = mac.digest_size
def _pseudorandom(x, mac=mac):
h = mac.copy()
h.update(x)
return bytearray(h.digest())
buf = bytearray()
for block in range_type(1, -(-keylen // mac.digest_size) + 1):
rv = u = _pseudorandom(salt + _pack_int(block))
for i in range_type(iterations - 1):
u = _pseudorandom(bytes(u))
rv = bytearray(starmap(xor, izip(rv, u)))
buf.extend(rv)
return bytes(buf[:keylen])
def safe_str_cmp(a, b):
"""This function compares strings in somewhat constant time. This
requires that the length of at least one string is known in advance.
Returns `True` if the two strings are equal, or `False` if they are not.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
if isinstance(a, text_type):
a = a.encode('utf-8')
if isinstance(b, text_type):
b = b.encode('utf-8')
if _builtin_safe_str_cmp is not None:
return _builtin_safe_str_cmp(a, b)
if len(a) != len(b):
return False
rv = 0
if PY2:
for x, y in izip(a, b):
rv |= ord(x) ^ ord(y)
else:
for x, y in izip(a, b):
rv |= x ^ y
return rv == 0
def gen_salt(length):
"""Generate a random string of SALT_CHARS with specified ``length``."""
if length <= 0:
raise ValueError('Salt length must be positive')
return ''.join(_sys_rng.choice(SALT_CHARS) for _ in range_type(length))
def _hash_internal(method, salt, password):
"""Internal password hash helper. Supports plaintext without salt,
unsalted and salted passwords. In case salted passwords are used
hmac is used.
"""
if method == 'plain':
return password, method
if isinstance(password, text_type):
password = password.encode('utf-8')
if method.startswith('pbkdf2:'):
args = method[7:].split(':')
if len(args) not in (1, 2):
raise ValueError('Invalid number of arguments for PBKDF2')
method = args.pop(0)
iterations = args and int(args[0] or 0) or DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS
is_pbkdf2 = True
actual_method = 'pbkdf2:%s:%d' % (method, iterations)
else:
is_pbkdf2 = False
actual_method = method
hash_func = _hash_funcs.get(method)
if hash_func is None:
raise TypeError('invalid method %r' % method)
if is_pbkdf2:
if not salt:
raise ValueError('Salt is required for PBKDF2')
rv = pbkdf2_hex(password, salt, iterations,
hashfunc=hash_func)
elif salt:
if isinstance(salt, text_type):
salt = salt.encode('utf-8')
rv = hmac.HMAC(salt, password, hash_func).hexdigest()
else:
h = hash_func()
h.update(password)
rv = h.hexdigest()
return rv, actual_method
def generate_password_hash(password, method='pbkdf2:sha256', salt_length=8):
"""Hash a password with the given method and salt with a string of
the given length. The format of the string returned includes the method
that was used so that :func:`check_password_hash` can check the hash.
The format for the hashed string looks like this::
method$salt$hash
This method can **not** generate unsalted passwords but it is possible
to set param method='plain' in order to enforce plaintext passwords.
If a salt is used, hmac is used internally to salt the password.
If PBKDF2 is wanted it can be enabled by setting the method to
``pbkdf2:method:iterations`` where iterations is optional::
pbkdf2:sha256:80000$salt$hash
pbkdf2:sha256$salt$hash
:param password: the password to hash.
:param method: the hash method to use (one that hashlib supports). Can
optionally be in the format ``pbkdf2:<method>[:iterations]``
to enable PBKDF2.
:param salt_length: the length of the salt in letters.
"""
salt = method != 'plain' and gen_salt(salt_length) or ''
h, actual_method = _hash_internal(method, salt, password)
return '%s$%s$%s' % (actual_method, salt, h)
def check_password_hash(pwhash, password):
"""check a password against a given salted and hashed password value.
In order to support unsalted legacy passwords this method supports
plain text passwords, md5 and sha1 hashes (both salted and unsalted).
Returns `True` if the password matched, `False` otherwise.
:param pwhash: a hashed string like returned by
:func:`generate_password_hash`.
:param password: the plaintext password to compare against the hash.
"""
if pwhash.count('$') < 2:
return False
method, salt, hashval = pwhash.split('$', 2)
return safe_str_cmp(_hash_internal(method, salt, password)[0], hashval)
def safe_join(directory, *pathnames):
"""Safely join `directory` and one or more untrusted `pathnames`. If this
cannot be done, this function returns ``None``.
:param directory: the base directory.
:param filename: the untrusted filename relative to that directory.
"""
parts = [directory]
for filename in pathnames:
if filename != '':
filename = posixpath.normpath(filename)
for sep in _os_alt_seps:
if sep in filename:
return None
if os.path.isabs(filename) or \
filename == '..' or \
filename.startswith('../'):
return None
parts.append(filename)
return posixpath.join(*parts)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.serving
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are many ways to serve a WSGI application. While you're developing
it you usually don't want a full blown webserver like Apache but a simple
standalone one. From Python 2.5 onwards there is the `wsgiref`_ server in
the standard library. If you're using older versions of Python you can
download the package from the cheeseshop.
However there are some caveats. Sourcecode won't reload itself when
changed and each time you kill the server using ``^C`` you get an
`KeyboardInterrupt` error. While the latter is easy to solve the first
one can be a pain in the ass in some situations.
The easiest way is creating a small ``start-myproject.py`` that runs the
application::
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from myproject import make_app
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
app = make_app(...)
run_simple('localhost', 8080, app, use_reloader=True)
You can also pass it a `extra_files` keyword argument with a list of
additional files (like configuration files) you want to observe.
For bigger applications you should consider using `werkzeug.script`
instead of a simple start file.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
from __future__ import with_statement
import os
import socket
import sys
import signal
can_fork = hasattr(os, "fork")
try:
import termcolor
except ImportError:
termcolor = None
try:
import ssl
except ImportError:
class _SslDummy(object):
def __getattr__(self, name):
raise RuntimeError('SSL support unavailable')
ssl = _SslDummy()
def _get_openssl_crypto_module():
try:
from OpenSSL import crypto
except ImportError:
raise TypeError('Using ad-hoc certificates requires the pyOpenSSL '
'library.')
else:
return crypto
try:
import SocketServer as socketserver
from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
except ImportError:
import socketserver
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
ThreadingMixIn = socketserver.ThreadingMixIn
if can_fork:
ForkingMixIn = socketserver.ForkingMixIn
else:
class ForkingMixIn(object):
pass
# important: do not use relative imports here or python -m will break
import werkzeug
from werkzeug._internal import _log
from werkzeug._compat import PY2, WIN, reraise, wsgi_encoding_dance
from werkzeug.urls import url_parse, url_unquote
from werkzeug.exceptions import InternalServerError
LISTEN_QUEUE = 128
can_open_by_fd = not WIN and hasattr(socket, 'fromfd')
class WSGIRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler, object):
"""A request handler that implements WSGI dispatching."""
@property
def server_version(self):
return 'Werkzeug/' + werkzeug.__version__
def make_environ(self):
request_url = url_parse(self.path)
def shutdown_server():
self.server.shutdown_signal = True
url_scheme = self.server.ssl_context is None and 'http' or 'https'
path_info = url_unquote(request_url.path)
environ = {
'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
'wsgi.url_scheme': url_scheme,
'wsgi.input': self.rfile,
'wsgi.errors': sys.stderr,
'wsgi.multithread': self.server.multithread,
'wsgi.multiprocess': self.server.multiprocess,
'wsgi.run_once': False,
'werkzeug.server.shutdown': shutdown_server,
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': self.server_version,
'REQUEST_METHOD': self.command,
'SCRIPT_NAME': '',
'PATH_INFO': wsgi_encoding_dance(path_info),
'QUERY_STRING': wsgi_encoding_dance(request_url.query),
'REMOTE_ADDR': self.address_string(),
'REMOTE_PORT': self.port_integer(),
'SERVER_NAME': self.server.server_address[0],
'SERVER_PORT': str(self.server.server_address[1]),
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': self.request_version
}
for key, value in self.headers.items():
key = key.upper().replace('-', '_')
if key not in ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
key = 'HTTP_' + key
environ[key] = value
if request_url.scheme and request_url.netloc:
environ['HTTP_HOST'] = request_url.netloc
return environ
def run_wsgi(self):
if self.headers.get('Expect', '').lower().strip() == '100-continue':
self.wfile.write(b'HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n')
self.environ = environ = self.make_environ()
headers_set = []
headers_sent = []
def write(data):
assert headers_set, 'write() before start_response'
if not headers_sent:
status, response_headers = headers_sent[:] = headers_set
try:
code, msg = status.split(None, 1)
except ValueError:
code, msg = status, ""
self.send_response(int(code), msg)
header_keys = set()
for key, value in response_headers:
self.send_header(key, value)
key = key.lower()
header_keys.add(key)
if 'content-length' not in header_keys:
self.close_connection = True
self.send_header('Connection', 'close')
if 'server' not in header_keys:
self.send_header('Server', self.version_string())
if 'date' not in header_keys:
self.send_header('Date', self.date_time_string())
self.end_headers()
assert isinstance(data, bytes), 'applications must write bytes'
self.wfile.write(data)
self.wfile.flush()
def start_response(status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
if exc_info:
try:
if headers_sent:
reraise(*exc_info)
finally:
exc_info = None
elif headers_set:
raise AssertionError('Headers already set')
headers_set[:] = [status, response_headers]
return write
def execute(app):
application_iter = app(environ, start_response)
try:
for data in application_iter:
write(data)
if not headers_sent:
write(b'')
finally:
if hasattr(application_iter, 'close'):
application_iter.close()
application_iter = None
try:
execute(self.server.app)
except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as e:
self.connection_dropped(e, environ)
except Exception:
if self.server.passthrough_errors:
raise
from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
traceback = get_current_traceback(ignore_system_exceptions=True)
try:
# if we haven't yet sent the headers but they are set
# we roll back to be able to set them again.
if not headers_sent:
del headers_set[:]
execute(InternalServerError())
except Exception:
pass
self.server.log('error', 'Error on request:\n%s',
traceback.plaintext)
def handle(self):
"""Handles a request ignoring dropped connections."""
rv = None
try:
rv = BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle(self)
except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as e:
self.connection_dropped(e)
except Exception:
if self.server.ssl_context is None or not is_ssl_error():
raise
if self.server.shutdown_signal:
self.initiate_shutdown()
return rv
def initiate_shutdown(self):
"""A horrible, horrible way to kill the server for Python 2.6 and
later. It's the best we can do.
"""
# Windows does not provide SIGKILL, go with SIGTERM then.
sig = getattr(signal, 'SIGKILL', signal.SIGTERM)
# reloader active
if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true':
os.kill(os.getpid(), sig)
# python 2.7
self.server._BaseServer__shutdown_request = True
# python 2.6
self.server._BaseServer__serving = False
def connection_dropped(self, error, environ=None):
"""Called if the connection was closed by the client. By default
nothing happens.
"""
def handle_one_request(self):
"""Handle a single HTTP request."""
self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
if not self.raw_requestline:
self.close_connection = 1
elif self.parse_request():
return self.run_wsgi()
def send_response(self, code, message=None):
"""Send the response header and log the response code."""
self.log_request(code)
if message is None:
message = code in self.responses and self.responses[code][0] or ''
if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9':
hdr = "%s %d %s\r\n" % (self.protocol_version, code, message)
self.wfile.write(hdr.encode('ascii'))
def version_string(self):
return BaseHTTPRequestHandler.version_string(self).strip()
def address_string(self):
if getattr(self, 'environ', None):
return self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']
else:
return self.client_address[0]
def port_integer(self):
return self.client_address[1]
def log_request(self, code='-', size='-'):
msg = self.requestline
code = str(code)
if termcolor:
color = termcolor.colored
if code[0] == '1': # 1xx - Informational
msg = color(msg, attrs=['bold'])
if code[0] == '2': # 2xx - Success
msg = color(msg, color='white')
elif code == '304': # 304 - Resource Not Modified
msg = color(msg, color='cyan')
elif code[0] == '3': # 3xx - Redirection
msg = color(msg, color='green')
elif code == '404': # 404 - Resource Not Found
msg = color(msg, color='yellow')
elif code[0] == '4': # 4xx - Client Error
msg = color(msg, color='red', attrs=['bold'])
else: # 5xx, or any other response
msg = color(msg, color='magenta', attrs=['bold'])
self.log('info', '"%s" %s %s', msg, code, size)
def log_error(self, *args):
self.log('error', *args)
def log_message(self, format, *args):
self.log('info', format, *args)
def log(self, type, message, *args):
_log(type, '%s - - [%s] %s\n' % (self.address_string(),
self.log_date_time_string(),
message % args))
#: backwards compatible name if someone is subclassing it
BaseRequestHandler = WSGIRequestHandler
def generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=None):
from random import random
crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
# pretty damn sure that this is not actually accepted by anyone
if cn is None:
cn = '*'
cert = crypto.X509()
cert.set_serial_number(int(random() * sys.maxsize))
cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(60 * 60 * 24 * 365)
subject = cert.get_subject()
subject.CN = cn
subject.O = 'Dummy Certificate'
issuer = cert.get_issuer()
issuer.CN = 'Untrusted Authority'
issuer.O = 'Self-Signed'
pkey = crypto.PKey()
pkey.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 2048)
cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
cert.sign(pkey, 'sha256')
return cert, pkey
def make_ssl_devcert(base_path, host=None, cn=None):
"""Creates an SSL key for development. This should be used instead of
the ``'adhoc'`` key which generates a new cert on each server start.
It accepts a path for where it should store the key and cert and
either a host or CN. If a host is given it will use the CN
``*.host/CN=host``.
For more information see :func:`run_simple`.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
:param base_path: the path to the certificate and key. The extension
``.crt`` is added for the certificate, ``.key`` is
added for the key.
:param host: the name of the host. This can be used as an alternative
for the `cn`.
:param cn: the `CN` to use.
"""
from OpenSSL import crypto
if host is not None:
cn = '*.%s/CN=%s' % (host, host)
cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=cn)
cert_file = base_path + '.crt'
pkey_file = base_path + '.key'
with open(cert_file, 'wb') as f:
f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
with open(pkey_file, 'wb') as f:
f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
return cert_file, pkey_file
def generate_adhoc_ssl_context():
"""Generates an adhoc SSL context for the development server."""
crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
import tempfile
import atexit
cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair()
cert_handle, cert_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
pkey_handle, pkey_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
atexit.register(os.remove, pkey_file)
atexit.register(os.remove, cert_file)
os.write(cert_handle, crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
os.write(pkey_handle, crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
os.close(cert_handle)
os.close(pkey_handle)
ctx = load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file)
return ctx
def load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file=None, protocol=None):
"""Loads SSL context from cert/private key files and optional protocol.
Many parameters are directly taken from the API of
:py:class:`ssl.SSLContext`.
:param cert_file: Path of the certificate to use.
:param pkey_file: Path of the private key to use. If not given, the key
will be obtained from the certificate file.
:param protocol: One of the ``PROTOCOL_*`` constants in the stdlib ``ssl``
module. Defaults to ``PROTOCOL_SSLv23``.
"""
if protocol is None:
protocol = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23
ctx = _SSLContext(protocol)
ctx.load_cert_chain(cert_file, pkey_file)
return ctx
class _SSLContext(object):
'''A dummy class with a small subset of Python3's ``ssl.SSLContext``, only
intended to be used with and by Werkzeug.'''
def __init__(self, protocol):
self._protocol = protocol
self._certfile = None
self._keyfile = None
self._password = None
def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
self._certfile = certfile
self._keyfile = keyfile or certfile
self._password = password
def wrap_socket(self, sock, **kwargs):
return ssl.wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=self._keyfile,
certfile=self._certfile,
ssl_version=self._protocol, **kwargs)
def is_ssl_error(error=None):
"""Checks if the given error (or the current one) is an SSL error."""
exc_types = (ssl.SSLError,)
try:
from OpenSSL.SSL import Error
exc_types += (Error,)
except ImportError:
pass
if error is None:
error = sys.exc_info()[1]
return isinstance(error, exc_types)
def select_ip_version(host, port):
"""Returns AF_INET4 or AF_INET6 depending on where to connect to."""
# disabled due to problems with current ipv6 implementations
# and various operating systems. Probably this code also is
# not supposed to work, but I can't come up with any other
# ways to implement this.
# try:
# info = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
# socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0,
# socket.AI_PASSIVE)
# if info:
# return info[0][0]
# except socket.gaierror:
# pass
if ':' in host and hasattr(socket, 'AF_INET6'):
return socket.AF_INET6
return socket.AF_INET
class BaseWSGIServer(HTTPServer, object):
"""Simple single-threaded, single-process WSGI server."""
multithread = False
multiprocess = False
request_queue_size = LISTEN_QUEUE
def __init__(self, host, port, app, handler=None,
passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
if handler is None:
handler = WSGIRequestHandler
self.address_family = select_ip_version(host, port)
if fd is not None:
real_sock = socket.fromfd(fd, self.address_family,
socket.SOCK_STREAM)
port = 0
HTTPServer.__init__(self, (host, int(port)), handler)
self.app = app
self.passthrough_errors = passthrough_errors
self.shutdown_signal = False
self.host = host
self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]
# Patch in the original socket.
if fd is not None:
self.socket.close()
self.socket = real_sock
self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()
if ssl_context is not None:
if isinstance(ssl_context, tuple):
ssl_context = load_ssl_context(*ssl_context)
if ssl_context == 'adhoc':
ssl_context = generate_adhoc_ssl_context()
# If we are on Python 2 the return value from socket.fromfd
# is an internal socket object but what we need for ssl wrap
# is the wrapper around it :(
sock = self.socket
if PY2 and not isinstance(sock, socket.socket):
sock = socket.socket(sock.family, sock.type, sock.proto, sock)
self.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
self.ssl_context = ssl_context
else:
self.ssl_context = None
def log(self, type, message, *args):
_log(type, message, *args)
def serve_forever(self):
self.shutdown_signal = False
try:
HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
finally:
self.server_close()
def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
if self.passthrough_errors:
raise
return HTTPServer.handle_error(self, request, client_address)
def get_request(self):
con, info = self.socket.accept()
return con, info
class ThreadedWSGIServer(ThreadingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
"""A WSGI server that does threading."""
multithread = True
daemon_threads = True
class ForkingWSGIServer(ForkingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
"""A WSGI server that does forking."""
multiprocess = True
def __init__(self, host, port, app, processes=40, handler=None,
passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
if not can_fork:
raise ValueError('Your platform does not support forking.')
BaseWSGIServer.__init__(self, host, port, app, handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd)
self.max_children = processes
def make_server(host=None, port=None, app=None, threaded=False, processes=1,
request_handler=None, passthrough_errors=False,
ssl_context=None, fd=None):
"""Create a new server instance that is either threaded, or forks
or just processes one request after another.
"""
if threaded and processes > 1:
raise ValueError("cannot have a multithreaded and "
"multi process server.")
elif threaded:
return ThreadedWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
elif processes > 1:
return ForkingWSGIServer(host, port, app, processes, request_handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
else:
return BaseWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
def is_running_from_reloader():
"""Checks if the application is running from within the Werkzeug
reloader subprocess.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
return os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true'
def run_simple(hostname, port, application, use_reloader=False,
use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
extra_files=None, reloader_interval=1,
reloader_type='auto', threaded=False,
processes=1, request_handler=None, static_files=None,
passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None):
"""Start a WSGI application. Optional features include a reloader,
multithreading and fork support.
This function has a command-line interface too::
python -m werkzeug.serving --help
.. versionadded:: 0.5
`static_files` was added to simplify serving of static files as well
as `passthrough_errors`.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
support for SSL was added.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
Added support for automatically loading a SSL context from certificate
file and private key.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
Added command-line interface.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
Improved the reloader and added support for changing the backend
through the `reloader_type` parameter. See :ref:`reloader`
for more information.
:param hostname: The host for the application. eg: ``'localhost'``
:param port: The port for the server. eg: ``8080``
:param application: the WSGI application to execute
:param use_reloader: should the server automatically restart the python
process if modules were changed?
:param use_debugger: should the werkzeug debugging system be used?
:param use_evalex: should the exception evaluation feature be enabled?
:param extra_files: a list of files the reloader should watch
additionally to the modules. For example configuration
files.
:param reloader_interval: the interval for the reloader in seconds.
:param reloader_type: the type of reloader to use. The default is
auto detection. Valid values are ``'stat'`` and
``'watchdog'``. See :ref:`reloader` for more
information.
:param threaded: should the process handle each request in a separate
thread?
:param processes: if greater than 1 then handle each request in a new process
up to this maximum number of concurrent processes.
:param request_handler: optional parameter that can be used to replace
the default one. You can use this to replace it
with a different
:class:`~BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler`
subclass.
:param static_files: a dict of paths for static files. This works exactly
like :class:`SharedDataMiddleware`, it's actually
just wrapping the application in that middleware before
serving.
:param passthrough_errors: set this to `True` to disable the error catching.
This means that the server will die on errors but
it can be useful to hook debuggers in (pdb etc.)
:param ssl_context: an SSL context for the connection. Either an
:class:`ssl.SSLContext`, a tuple in the form
``(cert_file, pkey_file)``, the string ``'adhoc'`` if
the server should automatically create one, or ``None``
to disable SSL (which is the default).
"""
if use_debugger:
from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
application = DebuggedApplication(application, use_evalex)
if static_files:
from werkzeug.wsgi import SharedDataMiddleware
application = SharedDataMiddleware(application, static_files)
def log_startup(sock):
display_hostname = hostname not in ('', '*') and hostname or 'localhost'
if ':' in display_hostname:
display_hostname = '[%s]' % display_hostname
quit_msg = '(Press CTRL+C to quit)'
port = sock.getsockname()[1]
_log('info', ' * Running on %s://%s:%d/ %s',
ssl_context is None and 'http' or 'https',
display_hostname, port, quit_msg)
def inner():
try:
fd = int(os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'])
except (LookupError, ValueError):
fd = None
srv = make_server(hostname, port, application, threaded,
processes, request_handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context,
fd=fd)
if fd is None:
log_startup(srv.socket)
srv.serve_forever()
if use_reloader:
# If we're not running already in the subprocess that is the
# reloader we want to open up a socket early to make sure the
# port is actually available.
if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') != 'true':
if port == 0 and not can_open_by_fd:
raise ValueError('Cannot bind to a random port with enabled '
'reloader if the Python interpreter does '
'not support socket opening by fd.')
# Create and destroy a socket so that any exceptions are
# raised before we spawn a separate Python interpreter and
# lose this ability.
address_family = select_ip_version(hostname, port)
s = socket.socket(address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
s.bind((hostname, port))
if hasattr(s, 'set_inheritable'):
s.set_inheritable(True)
# If we can open the socket by file descriptor, then we can just
# reuse this one and our socket will survive the restarts.
if can_open_by_fd:
os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'] = str(s.fileno())
s.listen(LISTEN_QUEUE)
log_startup(s)
else:
s.close()
# Do not use relative imports, otherwise "python -m werkzeug.serving"
# breaks.
from werkzeug._reloader import run_with_reloader
run_with_reloader(inner, extra_files, reloader_interval,
reloader_type)
else:
inner()
def run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs):
# People keep using undocumented APIs. Do not use this function
# please, we do not guarantee that it continues working.
from werkzeug._reloader import run_with_reloader
return run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs)
def main():
'''A simple command-line interface for :py:func:`run_simple`.'''
# in contrast to argparse, this works at least under Python < 2.7
import optparse
from werkzeug.utils import import_string
parser = optparse.OptionParser(
usage='Usage: %prog [options] app_module:app_object')
parser.add_option('-b', '--bind', dest='address',
help='The hostname:port the app should listen on.')
parser.add_option('-d', '--debug', dest='use_debugger',
action='store_true', default=False,
help='Use Werkzeug\'s debugger.')
parser.add_option('-r', '--reload', dest='use_reloader',
action='store_true', default=False,
help='Reload Python process if modules change.')
options, args = parser.parse_args()
hostname, port = None, None
if options.address:
address = options.address.split(':')
hostname = address[0]
if len(address) > 1:
port = address[1]
if len(args) != 1:
sys.stdout.write('No application supplied, or too much. See --help\n')
sys.exit(1)
app = import_string(args[0])
run_simple(
hostname=(hostname or '127.0.0.1'), port=int(port or 5000),
application=app, use_reloader=options.use_reloader,
use_debugger=options.use_debugger
)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.test
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements a client to WSGI applications for testing.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import sys
import mimetypes
from time import time
from random import random
from itertools import chain
from tempfile import TemporaryFile
from io import BytesIO
try:
from urllib2 import Request as U2Request
except ImportError:
from urllib.request import Request as U2Request
try:
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
except ImportError: # Py2
from cookielib import CookieJar
from werkzeug._compat import iterlists, iteritems, itervalues, to_bytes, \
string_types, text_type, reraise, wsgi_encoding_dance, \
make_literal_wrapper
from werkzeug._internal import _empty_stream, _get_environ
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
from werkzeug.urls import url_encode, url_fix, iri_to_uri, url_unquote, \
url_unparse, url_parse
from werkzeug.wsgi import get_host, get_current_url, ClosingIterator
from werkzeug.utils import dump_cookie
from werkzeug.datastructures import FileMultiDict, MultiDict, \
CombinedMultiDict, Headers, FileStorage
def stream_encode_multipart(values, use_tempfile=True, threshold=1024 * 500,
boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
"""Encode a dict of values (either strings or file descriptors or
:class:`FileStorage` objects.) into a multipart encoded string stored
in a file descriptor.
"""
if boundary is None:
boundary = '---------------WerkzeugFormPart_%s%s' % (time(), random())
_closure = [BytesIO(), 0, False]
if use_tempfile:
def write_binary(string):
stream, total_length, on_disk = _closure
if on_disk:
stream.write(string)
else:
length = len(string)
if length + _closure[1] <= threshold:
stream.write(string)
else:
new_stream = TemporaryFile('wb+')
new_stream.write(stream.getvalue())
new_stream.write(string)
_closure[0] = new_stream
_closure[2] = True
_closure[1] = total_length + length
else:
write_binary = _closure[0].write
def write(string):
write_binary(string.encode(charset))
if not isinstance(values, MultiDict):
values = MultiDict(values)
for key, values in iterlists(values):
for value in values:
write('--%s\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
(boundary, key))
reader = getattr(value, 'read', None)
if reader is not None:
filename = getattr(value, 'filename',
getattr(value, 'name', None))
content_type = getattr(value, 'content_type', None)
if content_type is None:
content_type = filename and \
mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or \
'application/octet-stream'
if filename is not None:
write('; filename="%s"\r\n' % filename)
else:
write('\r\n')
write('Content-Type: %s\r\n\r\n' % content_type)
while 1:
chunk = reader(16384)
if not chunk:
break
write_binary(chunk)
else:
if not isinstance(value, string_types):
value = str(value)
value = to_bytes(value, charset)
write('\r\n\r\n')
write_binary(value)
write('\r\n')
write('--%s--\r\n' % boundary)
length = int(_closure[0].tell())
_closure[0].seek(0)
return _closure[0], length, boundary
def encode_multipart(values, boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
"""Like `stream_encode_multipart` but returns a tuple in the form
(``boundary``, ``data``) where data is a bytestring.
"""
stream, length, boundary = stream_encode_multipart(
values, use_tempfile=False, boundary=boundary, charset=charset)
return boundary, stream.read()
def File(fd, filename=None, mimetype=None):
"""Backwards compat."""
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.test.File is deprecated, use the '
'EnvironBuilder or FileStorage instead'))
return FileStorage(fd, filename=filename, content_type=mimetype)
class _TestCookieHeaders(object):
"""A headers adapter for cookielib
"""
def __init__(self, headers):
self.headers = headers
def getheaders(self, name):
headers = []
name = name.lower()
for k, v in self.headers:
if k.lower() == name:
headers.append(v)
return headers
def get_all(self, name, default=None):
rv = []
for k, v in self.headers:
if k.lower() == name.lower():
rv.append(v)
return rv or default or []
class _TestCookieResponse(object):
"""Something that looks like a httplib.HTTPResponse, but is actually just an
adapter for our test responses to make them available for cookielib.
"""
def __init__(self, headers):
self.headers = _TestCookieHeaders(headers)
def info(self):
return self.headers
class _TestCookieJar(CookieJar):
"""A cookielib.CookieJar modified to inject and read cookie headers from
and to wsgi environments, and wsgi application responses.
"""
def inject_wsgi(self, environ):
"""Inject the cookies as client headers into the server's wsgi
environment.
"""
cvals = []
for cookie in self:
cvals.append('%s=%s' % (cookie.name, cookie.value))
if cvals:
environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = '; '.join(cvals)
def extract_wsgi(self, environ, headers):
"""Extract the server's set-cookie headers as cookies into the
cookie jar.
"""
self.extract_cookies(
_TestCookieResponse(headers),
U2Request(get_current_url(environ)),
)
def _iter_data(data):
"""Iterates over a `dict` or :class:`MultiDict` yielding all keys and
values.
This is used to iterate over the data passed to the
:class:`EnvironBuilder`.
"""
if isinstance(data, MultiDict):
for key, values in iterlists(data):
for value in values:
yield key, value
else:
for key, values in iteritems(data):
if isinstance(values, list):
for value in values:
yield key, value
else:
yield key, values
class EnvironBuilder(object):
"""This class can be used to conveniently create a WSGI environment
for testing purposes. It can be used to quickly create WSGI environments
or request objects from arbitrary data.
The signature of this class is also used in some other places as of
Werkzeug 0.5 (:func:`create_environ`, :meth:`BaseResponse.from_values`,
:meth:`Client.open`). Because of this most of the functionality is
available through the constructor alone.
Files and regular form data can be manipulated independently of each
other with the :attr:`form` and :attr:`files` attributes, but are
passed with the same argument to the constructor: `data`.
`data` can be any of these values:
- a `str` or `bytes` object: The object is converted into an
:attr:`input_stream`, the :attr:`content_length` is set and you have to
provide a :attr:`content_type`.
- a `dict` or :class:`MultiDict`: The keys have to be strings. The values
have to be either any of the following objects, or a list of any of the
following objects:
- a :class:`file`-like object: These are converted into
:class:`FileStorage` objects automatically.
- a `tuple`: The :meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method is called
with the key and the unpacked `tuple` items as positional
arguments.
- a `str`: The string is set as form data for the associated key.
- a file-like object: The object content is loaded in memory and then
handled like a regular `str` or a `bytes`.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
`path` and `base_url` can now be unicode strings that are encoded using
the :func:`iri_to_uri` function.
:param path: the path of the request. In the WSGI environment this will
end up as `PATH_INFO`. If the `query_string` is not defined
and there is a question mark in the `path` everything after
it is used as query string.
:param base_url: the base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).
:param query_string: an optional string or dict with URL parameters.
:param method: the HTTP method to use, defaults to `GET`.
:param input_stream: an optional input stream. Do not specify this and
`data`. As soon as an input stream is set you can't
modify :attr:`args` and :attr:`files` unless you
set the :attr:`input_stream` to `None` again.
:param content_type: The content type for the request. As of 0.5 you
don't have to provide this when specifying files
and form data via `data`.
:param content_length: The content length for the request. You don't
have to specify this when providing data via
`data`.
:param errors_stream: an optional error stream that is used for
`wsgi.errors`. Defaults to :data:`stderr`.
:param multithread: controls `wsgi.multithread`. Defaults to `False`.
:param multiprocess: controls `wsgi.multiprocess`. Defaults to `False`.
:param run_once: controls `wsgi.run_once`. Defaults to `False`.
:param headers: an optional list or :class:`Headers` object of headers.
:param data: a string or dict of form data or a file-object.
See explanation above.
:param environ_base: an optional dict of environment defaults.
:param environ_overrides: an optional dict of environment overrides.
:param charset: the charset used to encode unicode data.
"""
#: the server protocol to use. defaults to HTTP/1.1
server_protocol = 'HTTP/1.1'
#: the wsgi version to use. defaults to (1, 0)
wsgi_version = (1, 0)
#: the default request class for :meth:`get_request`
request_class = BaseRequest
def __init__(self, path='/', base_url=None, query_string=None,
method='GET', input_stream=None, content_type=None,
content_length=None, errors_stream=None, multithread=False,
multiprocess=False, run_once=False, headers=None, data=None,
environ_base=None, environ_overrides=None, charset='utf-8'):
path_s = make_literal_wrapper(path)
if query_string is None and path_s('?') in path:
path, query_string = path.split(path_s('?'), 1)
self.charset = charset
self.path = iri_to_uri(path)
if base_url is not None:
base_url = url_fix(iri_to_uri(base_url, charset), charset)
self.base_url = base_url
if isinstance(query_string, (bytes, text_type)):
self.query_string = query_string
else:
if query_string is None:
query_string = MultiDict()
elif not isinstance(query_string, MultiDict):
query_string = MultiDict(query_string)
self.args = query_string
self.method = method
if headers is None:
headers = Headers()
elif not isinstance(headers, Headers):
headers = Headers(headers)
self.headers = headers
if content_type is not None:
self.content_type = content_type
if errors_stream is None:
errors_stream = sys.stderr
self.errors_stream = errors_stream
self.multithread = multithread
self.multiprocess = multiprocess
self.run_once = run_once
self.environ_base = environ_base
self.environ_overrides = environ_overrides
self.input_stream = input_stream
self.content_length = content_length
self.closed = False
if data:
if input_stream is not None:
raise TypeError('can\'t provide input stream and data')
if hasattr(data, 'read'):
data = data.read()
if isinstance(data, text_type):
data = data.encode(self.charset)
if isinstance(data, bytes):
self.input_stream = BytesIO(data)
if self.content_length is None:
self.content_length = len(data)
else:
for key, value in _iter_data(data):
if isinstance(value, (tuple, dict)) or \
hasattr(value, 'read'):
self._add_file_from_data(key, value)
else:
self.form.setlistdefault(key).append(value)
def _add_file_from_data(self, key, value):
"""Called in the EnvironBuilder to add files from the data dict."""
if isinstance(value, tuple):
self.files.add_file(key, *value)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('it\'s no longer possible to pass dicts '
'as `data`. Use tuples or FileStorage '
'objects instead'), stacklevel=2)
value = dict(value)
mimetype = value.pop('mimetype', None)
if mimetype is not None:
value['content_type'] = mimetype
self.files.add_file(key, **value)
else:
self.files.add_file(key, value)
def _get_base_url(self):
return url_unparse((self.url_scheme, self.host,
self.script_root, '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
def _set_base_url(self, value):
if value is None:
scheme = 'http'
netloc = 'localhost'
script_root = ''
else:
scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = url_parse(value)
if qs or anchor:
raise ValueError('base url must not contain a query string '
'or fragment')
self.script_root = script_root.rstrip('/')
self.host = netloc
self.url_scheme = scheme
base_url = property(_get_base_url, _set_base_url, doc='''
The base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).''')
del _get_base_url, _set_base_url
def _get_content_type(self):
ct = self.headers.get('Content-Type')
if ct is None and not self._input_stream:
if self._files:
return 'multipart/form-data'
elif self._form:
return 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
return None
return ct
def _set_content_type(self, value):
if value is None:
self.headers.pop('Content-Type', None)
else:
self.headers['Content-Type'] = value
content_type = property(_get_content_type, _set_content_type, doc='''
The content type for the request. Reflected from and to the
:attr:`headers`. Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
:attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
del _get_content_type, _set_content_type
def _get_content_length(self):
return self.headers.get('Content-Length', type=int)
def _set_content_length(self, value):
if value is None:
self.headers.pop('Content-Length', None)
else:
self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(value)
content_length = property(_get_content_length, _set_content_length, doc='''
The content length as integer. Reflected from and to the
:attr:`headers`. Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
:attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
del _get_content_length, _set_content_length
def form_property(name, storage, doc):
key = '_' + name
def getter(self):
if self._input_stream is not None:
raise AttributeError('an input stream is defined')
rv = getattr(self, key)
if rv is None:
rv = storage()
setattr(self, key, rv)
return rv
def setter(self, value):
self._input_stream = None
setattr(self, key, value)
return property(getter, setter, doc=doc)
form = form_property('form', MultiDict, doc='''
A :class:`MultiDict` of form values.''')
files = form_property('files', FileMultiDict, doc='''
A :class:`FileMultiDict` of uploaded files. You can use the
:meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method to add new files to the
dict.''')
del form_property
def _get_input_stream(self):
return self._input_stream
def _set_input_stream(self, value):
self._input_stream = value
self._form = self._files = None
input_stream = property(_get_input_stream, _set_input_stream, doc='''
An optional input stream. If you set this it will clear
:attr:`form` and :attr:`files`.''')
del _get_input_stream, _set_input_stream
def _get_query_string(self):
if self._query_string is None:
if self._args is not None:
return url_encode(self._args, charset=self.charset)
return ''
return self._query_string
def _set_query_string(self, value):
self._query_string = value
self._args = None
query_string = property(_get_query_string, _set_query_string, doc='''
The query string. If you set this to a string :attr:`args` will
no longer be available.''')
del _get_query_string, _set_query_string
def _get_args(self):
if self._query_string is not None:
raise AttributeError('a query string is defined')
if self._args is None:
self._args = MultiDict()
return self._args
def _set_args(self, value):
self._query_string = None
self._args = value
args = property(_get_args, _set_args, doc='''
The URL arguments as :class:`MultiDict`.''')
del _get_args, _set_args
@property
def server_name(self):
"""The server name (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
return self.host.split(':', 1)[0]
@property
def server_port(self):
"""The server port as integer (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
pieces = self.host.split(':', 1)
if len(pieces) == 2 and pieces[1].isdigit():
return int(pieces[1])
elif self.url_scheme == 'https':
return 443
return 80
def __del__(self):
try:
self.close()
except Exception:
pass
def close(self):
"""Closes all files. If you put real :class:`file` objects into the
:attr:`files` dict you can call this method to automatically close
them all in one go.
"""
if self.closed:
return
try:
files = itervalues(self.files)
except AttributeError:
files = ()
for f in files:
try:
f.close()
except Exception:
pass
self.closed = True
def get_environ(self):
"""Return the built environ."""
input_stream = self.input_stream
content_length = self.content_length
content_type = self.content_type
if input_stream is not None:
start_pos = input_stream.tell()
input_stream.seek(0, 2)
end_pos = input_stream.tell()
input_stream.seek(start_pos)
content_length = end_pos - start_pos
elif content_type == 'multipart/form-data':
values = CombinedMultiDict([self.form, self.files])
input_stream, content_length, boundary = \
stream_encode_multipart(values, charset=self.charset)
content_type += '; boundary="%s"' % boundary
elif content_type == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
# XXX: py2v3 review
values = url_encode(self.form, charset=self.charset)
values = values.encode('ascii')
content_length = len(values)
input_stream = BytesIO(values)
else:
input_stream = _empty_stream
result = {}
if self.environ_base:
result.update(self.environ_base)
def _path_encode(x):
return wsgi_encoding_dance(url_unquote(x, self.charset), self.charset)
qs = wsgi_encoding_dance(self.query_string)
result.update({
'REQUEST_METHOD': self.method,
'SCRIPT_NAME': _path_encode(self.script_root),
'PATH_INFO': _path_encode(self.path),
'QUERY_STRING': qs,
'SERVER_NAME': self.server_name,
'SERVER_PORT': str(self.server_port),
'HTTP_HOST': self.host,
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': self.server_protocol,
'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type or '',
'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(content_length or '0'),
'wsgi.version': self.wsgi_version,
'wsgi.url_scheme': self.url_scheme,
'wsgi.input': input_stream,
'wsgi.errors': self.errors_stream,
'wsgi.multithread': self.multithread,
'wsgi.multiprocess': self.multiprocess,
'wsgi.run_once': self.run_once
})
for key, value in self.headers.to_wsgi_list():
result['HTTP_%s' % key.upper().replace('-', '_')] = value
if self.environ_overrides:
result.update(self.environ_overrides)
return result
def get_request(self, cls=None):
"""Returns a request with the data. If the request class is not
specified :attr:`request_class` is used.
:param cls: The request wrapper to use.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = self.request_class
return cls(self.get_environ())
class ClientRedirectError(Exception):
"""
If a redirect loop is detected when using follow_redirects=True with
the :cls:`Client`, then this exception is raised.
"""
class Client(object):
"""This class allows to send requests to a wrapped application.
The response wrapper can be a class or factory function that takes
three arguments: app_iter, status and headers. The default response
wrapper just returns a tuple.
Example::
class ClientResponse(BaseResponse):
...
client = Client(MyApplication(), response_wrapper=ClientResponse)
The use_cookies parameter indicates whether cookies should be stored and
sent for subsequent requests. This is True by default, but passing False
will disable this behaviour.
If you want to request some subdomain of your application you may set
`allow_subdomain_redirects` to `True` as if not no external redirects
are allowed.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
`use_cookies` is new in this version. Older versions did not provide
builtin cookie support.
"""
def __init__(self, application, response_wrapper=None, use_cookies=True,
allow_subdomain_redirects=False):
self.application = application
self.response_wrapper = response_wrapper
if use_cookies:
self.cookie_jar = _TestCookieJar()
else:
self.cookie_jar = None
self.allow_subdomain_redirects = allow_subdomain_redirects
def set_cookie(self, server_name, key, value='', max_age=None,
expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None,
httponly=False, charset='utf-8'):
"""Sets a cookie in the client's cookie jar. The server name
is required and has to match the one that is also passed to
the open call.
"""
assert self.cookie_jar is not None, 'cookies disabled'
header = dump_cookie(key, value, max_age, expires, path, domain,
secure, httponly, charset)
environ = create_environ(path, base_url='http://' + server_name)
headers = [('Set-Cookie', header)]
self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(environ, headers)
def delete_cookie(self, server_name, key, path='/', domain=None):
"""Deletes a cookie in the test client."""
self.set_cookie(server_name, key, expires=0, max_age=0,
path=path, domain=domain)
def run_wsgi_app(self, environ, buffered=False):
"""Runs the wrapped WSGI app with the given environment."""
if self.cookie_jar is not None:
self.cookie_jar.inject_wsgi(environ)
rv = run_wsgi_app(self.application, environ, buffered=buffered)
if self.cookie_jar is not None:
self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(environ, rv[2])
return rv
def resolve_redirect(self, response, new_location, environ, buffered=False):
"""Resolves a single redirect and triggers the request again
directly on this redirect client.
"""
scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = url_parse(new_location)
base_url = url_unparse((scheme, netloc, '', '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
cur_server_name = netloc.split(':', 1)[0].split('.')
real_server_name = get_host(environ).rsplit(':', 1)[0].split('.')
if cur_server_name == ['']:
# this is a local redirect having autocorrect_location_header=False
cur_server_name = real_server_name
base_url = EnvironBuilder(environ).base_url
if self.allow_subdomain_redirects:
allowed = cur_server_name[-len(real_server_name):] == real_server_name
else:
allowed = cur_server_name == real_server_name
if not allowed:
raise RuntimeError('%r does not support redirect to '
'external targets' % self.__class__)
status_code = int(response[1].split(None, 1)[0])
if status_code == 307:
method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
else:
method = 'GET'
# For redirect handling we temporarily disable the response
# wrapper. This is not threadsafe but not a real concern
# since the test client must not be shared anyways.
old_response_wrapper = self.response_wrapper
self.response_wrapper = None
try:
return self.open(path=script_root, base_url=base_url,
query_string=qs, as_tuple=True,
buffered=buffered, method=method)
finally:
self.response_wrapper = old_response_wrapper
def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Takes the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder` class with
some additions: You can provide a :class:`EnvironBuilder` or a WSGI
environment as only argument instead of the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
arguments and two optional keyword arguments (`as_tuple`, `buffered`)
that change the type of the return value or the way the application is
executed.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
If a dict is provided as file in the dict for the `data` parameter
the content type has to be called `content_type` now instead of
`mimetype`. This change was made for consistency with
:class:`werkzeug.FileWrapper`.
The `follow_redirects` parameter was added to :func:`open`.
Additional parameters:
:param as_tuple: Returns a tuple in the form ``(environ, result)``
:param buffered: Set this to True to buffer the application run.
This will automatically close the application for
you as well.
:param follow_redirects: Set this to True if the `Client` should
follow HTTP redirects.
"""
as_tuple = kwargs.pop('as_tuple', False)
buffered = kwargs.pop('buffered', False)
follow_redirects = kwargs.pop('follow_redirects', False)
environ = None
if not kwargs and len(args) == 1:
if isinstance(args[0], EnvironBuilder):
environ = args[0].get_environ()
elif isinstance(args[0], dict):
environ = args[0]
if environ is None:
builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
try:
environ = builder.get_environ()
finally:
builder.close()
response = self.run_wsgi_app(environ, buffered=buffered)
# handle redirects
redirect_chain = []
while 1:
status_code = int(response[1].split(None, 1)[0])
if status_code not in (301, 302, 303, 305, 307) \
or not follow_redirects:
break
new_location = response[2]['location']
new_redirect_entry = (new_location, status_code)
if new_redirect_entry in redirect_chain:
raise ClientRedirectError('loop detected')
redirect_chain.append(new_redirect_entry)
environ, response = self.resolve_redirect(response, new_location,
environ,
buffered=buffered)
if self.response_wrapper is not None:
response = self.response_wrapper(*response)
if as_tuple:
return environ, response
return response
def get(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to GET."""
kw['method'] = 'GET'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def patch(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to PATCH."""
kw['method'] = 'PATCH'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def post(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to POST."""
kw['method'] = 'POST'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def head(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to HEAD."""
kw['method'] = 'HEAD'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def put(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to PUT."""
kw['method'] = 'PUT'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def delete(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to DELETE."""
kw['method'] = 'DELETE'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def options(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to OPTIONS."""
kw['method'] = 'OPTIONS'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def trace(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to TRACE."""
kw['method'] = 'TRACE'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %r>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.application
)
def create_environ(*args, **kwargs):
"""Create a new WSGI environ dict based on the values passed. The first
parameter should be the path of the request which defaults to '/'. The
second one can either be an absolute path (in that case the host is
localhost:80) or a full path to the request with scheme, netloc port and
the path to the script.
This accepts the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
constructor.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
This function is now a thin wrapper over :class:`EnvironBuilder` which
was added in 0.5. The `headers`, `environ_base`, `environ_overrides`
and `charset` parameters were added.
"""
builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
try:
return builder.get_environ()
finally:
builder.close()
def run_wsgi_app(app, environ, buffered=False):
"""Return a tuple in the form (app_iter, status, headers) of the
application output. This works best if you pass it an application that
returns an iterator all the time.
Sometimes applications may use the `write()` callable returned
by the `start_response` function. This tries to resolve such edge
cases automatically. But if you don't get the expected output you
should set `buffered` to `True` which enforces buffering.
If passed an invalid WSGI application the behavior of this function is
undefined. Never pass non-conforming WSGI applications to this function.
:param app: the application to execute.
:param buffered: set to `True` to enforce buffering.
:return: tuple in the form ``(app_iter, status, headers)``
"""
environ = _get_environ(environ)
response = []
buffer = []
def start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
if exc_info is not None:
reraise(*exc_info)
response[:] = [status, headers]
return buffer.append
app_rv = app(environ, start_response)
close_func = getattr(app_rv, 'close', None)
app_iter = iter(app_rv)
# when buffering we emit the close call early and convert the
# application iterator into a regular list
if buffered:
try:
app_iter = list(app_iter)
finally:
if close_func is not None:
close_func()
# otherwise we iterate the application iter until we have a response, chain
# the already received data with the already collected data and wrap it in
# a new `ClosingIterator` if we need to restore a `close` callable from the
# original return value.
else:
while not response:
buffer.append(next(app_iter))
if buffer:
app_iter = chain(buffer, app_iter)
if close_func is not None and app_iter is not app_rv:
app_iter = ClosingIterator(app_iter, close_func)
return app_iter, response[0], Headers(response[1])

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.testapp
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Provide a small test application that can be used to test a WSGI server
and check it for WSGI compliance.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import os
import sys
import werkzeug
from textwrap import wrap
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest as Request, BaseResponse as Response
from werkzeug.utils import escape
import base64
logo = Response(base64.b64decode('''
R0lGODlhoACgAOMIAAEDACwpAEpCAGdgAJaKAM28AOnVAP3rAP/////////
//////////////////////yH5BAEKAAgALAAAAACgAKAAAAT+EMlJq704680R+F0ojmRpnuj0rWnrv
nB8rbRs33gu0bzu/0AObxgsGn3D5HHJbCUFyqZ0ukkSDlAidctNFg7gbI9LZlrBaHGtzAae0eloe25
7w9EDOX2fst/xenyCIn5/gFqDiVVDV4aGeYiKkhSFjnCQY5OTlZaXgZp8nJ2ekaB0SQOjqphrpnOiq
ncEn65UsLGytLVmQ6m4sQazpbtLqL/HwpnER8bHyLrLOc3Oz8PRONPU1crXN9na263dMt/g4SzjMeX
m5yDpLqgG7OzJ4u8lT/P69ej3JPn69kHzN2OIAHkB9RUYSFCFQYQJFTIkCDBiwoXWGnowaLEjRm7+G
p9A7Hhx4rUkAUaSLJlxHMqVMD/aSycSZkyTplCqtGnRAM5NQ1Ly5OmzZc6gO4d6DGAUKA+hSocWYAo
SlM6oUWX2O/o0KdaVU5vuSQLAa0ADwQgMEMB2AIECZhVSnTno6spgbtXmHcBUrQACcc2FrTrWS8wAf
78cMFBgwIBgbN+qvTt3ayikRBk7BoyGAGABAdYyfdzRQGV3l4coxrqQ84GpUBmrdR3xNIDUPAKDBSA
ADIGDhhqTZIWaDcrVX8EsbNzbkvCOxG8bN5w8ly9H8jyTJHC6DFndQydbguh2e/ctZJFXRxMAqqPVA
tQH5E64SPr1f0zz7sQYjAHg0In+JQ11+N2B0XXBeeYZgBZFx4tqBToiTCPv0YBgQv8JqA6BEf6RhXx
w1ENhRBnWV8ctEX4Ul2zc3aVGcQNC2KElyTDYyYUWvShdjDyMOGMuFjqnII45aogPhz/CodUHFwaDx
lTgsaOjNyhGWJQd+lFoAGk8ObghI0kawg+EV5blH3dr+digkYuAGSaQZFHFz2P/cTaLmhF52QeSb45
Jwxd+uSVGHlqOZpOeJpCFZ5J+rkAkFjQ0N1tah7JJSZUFNsrkeJUJMIBi8jyaEKIhKPomnC91Uo+NB
yyaJ5umnnpInIFh4t6ZSpGaAVmizqjpByDegYl8tPE0phCYrhcMWSv+uAqHfgH88ak5UXZmlKLVJhd
dj78s1Fxnzo6yUCrV6rrDOkluG+QzCAUTbCwf9SrmMLzK6p+OPHx7DF+bsfMRq7Ec61Av9i6GLw23r
idnZ+/OO0a99pbIrJkproCQMA17OPG6suq3cca5ruDfXCCDoS7BEdvmJn5otdqscn+uogRHHXs8cbh
EIfYaDY1AkrC0cqwcZpnM6ludx72x0p7Fo/hZAcpJDjax0UdHavMKAbiKltMWCF3xxh9k25N/Viud8
ba78iCvUkt+V6BpwMlErmcgc502x+u1nSxJSJP9Mi52awD1V4yB/QHONsnU3L+A/zR4VL/indx/y64
gqcj+qgTeweM86f0Qy1QVbvmWH1D9h+alqg254QD8HJXHvjQaGOqEqC22M54PcftZVKVSQG9jhkv7C
JyTyDoAJfPdu8v7DRZAxsP/ky9MJ3OL36DJfCFPASC3/aXlfLOOON9vGZZHydGf8LnxYJuuVIbl83y
Az5n/RPz07E+9+zw2A2ahz4HxHo9Kt79HTMx1Q7ma7zAzHgHqYH0SoZWyTuOLMiHwSfZDAQTn0ajk9
YQqodnUYjByQZhZak9Wu4gYQsMyEpIOAOQKze8CmEF45KuAHTvIDOfHJNipwoHMuGHBnJElUoDmAyX
c2Qm/R8Ah/iILCCJOEokGowdhDYc/yoL+vpRGwyVSCWFYZNljkhEirGXsalWcAgOdeAdoXcktF2udb
qbUhjWyMQxYO01o6KYKOr6iK3fE4MaS+DsvBsGOBaMb0Y6IxADaJhFICaOLmiWTlDAnY1KzDG4ambL
cWBA8mUzjJsN2KjSaSXGqMCVXYpYkj33mcIApyhQf6YqgeNAmNvuC0t4CsDbSshZJkCS1eNisKqlyG
cF8G2JeiDX6tO6Mv0SmjCa3MFb0bJaGPMU0X7c8XcpvMaOQmCajwSeY9G0WqbBmKv34DsMIEztU6Y2
KiDlFdt6jnCSqx7Dmt6XnqSKaFFHNO5+FmODxMCWBEaco77lNDGXBM0ECYB/+s7nKFdwSF5hgXumQe
EZ7amRg39RHy3zIjyRCykQh8Zo2iviRKyTDn/zx6EefptJj2Cw+Ep2FSc01U5ry4KLPYsTyWnVGnvb
UpyGlhjBUljyjHhWpf8OFaXwhp9O4T1gU9UeyPPa8A2l0p1kNqPXEVRm1AOs1oAGZU596t6SOR2mcB
Oco1srWtkaVrMUzIErrKri85keKqRQYX9VX0/eAUK1hrSu6HMEX3Qh2sCh0q0D2CtnUqS4hj62sE/z
aDs2Sg7MBS6xnQeooc2R2tC9YrKpEi9pLXfYXp20tDCpSP8rKlrD4axprb9u1Df5hSbz9QU0cRpfgn
kiIzwKucd0wsEHlLpe5yHXuc6FrNelOl7pY2+11kTWx7VpRu97dXA3DO1vbkhcb4zyvERYajQgAADs
='''), mimetype='image/png')
TEMPLATE = u'''\
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<title>WSGI Information</title>
<style type="text/css">
@import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu);
body { font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
'Verdana', sans-serif; background-color: white; color: #000;
font-size: 15px; text-align: center; }
#logo { float: right; padding: 0 0 10px 10px; }
div.box { text-align: left; width: 45em; margin: auto; padding: 50px 0;
background-color: white; }
h1, h2 { font-family: 'Ubuntu', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode',
'Geneva', 'Verdana', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; }
h1 { margin: 0 0 30px 0; }
h2 { font-size: 1.4em; margin: 1em 0 0.5em 0; }
table { width: 100%%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #AFC5C9 }
table th { background-color: #AFC1C4; color: white; font-size: 0.72em;
font-weight: normal; width: 18em; vertical-align: top;
padding: 0.5em 0 0.1em 0.5em; }
table td { border: 1px solid #AFC5C9; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; }
code { font-family: 'Consolas', 'Monaco', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',
monospace; font-size: 0.7em; }
ul li { line-height: 1.5em; }
ul.path { font-size: 0.7em; margin: 0 -30px; padding: 8px 30px;
list-style: none; background: #E8EFF0; }
ul.path li { line-height: 1.6em; }
li.virtual { color: #999; text-decoration: underline; }
li.exp { background: white; }
</style>
<div class="box">
<img src="?resource=logo" id="logo" alt="[The Werkzeug Logo]" />
<h1>WSGI Information</h1>
<p>
This page displays all available information about the WSGI server and
the underlying Python interpreter.
<h2 id="python-interpreter">Python Interpreter</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Python Version
<td>%(python_version)s
<tr>
<th>Platform
<td>%(platform)s [%(os)s]
<tr>
<th>API Version
<td>%(api_version)s
<tr>
<th>Byteorder
<td>%(byteorder)s
<tr>
<th>Werkzeug Version
<td>%(werkzeug_version)s
</table>
<h2 id="wsgi-environment">WSGI Environment</h2>
<table>%(wsgi_env)s</table>
<h2 id="installed-eggs">Installed Eggs</h2>
<p>
The following python packages were installed on the system as
Python eggs:
<ul>%(python_eggs)s</ul>
<h2 id="sys-path">System Path</h2>
<p>
The following paths are the current contents of the load path. The
following entries are looked up for Python packages. Note that not
all items in this path are folders. Gray and underlined items are
entries pointing to invalid resources or used by custom import hooks
such as the zip importer.
<p>
Items with a bright background were expanded for display from a relative
path. If you encounter such paths in the output you might want to check
your setup as relative paths are usually problematic in multithreaded
environments.
<ul class="path">%(sys_path)s</ul>
</div>
'''
def iter_sys_path():
if os.name == 'posix':
def strip(x):
prefix = os.path.expanduser('~')
if x.startswith(prefix):
x = '~' + x[len(prefix):]
return x
else:
strip = lambda x: x
cwd = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
for item in sys.path:
path = os.path.join(cwd, item or os.path.curdir)
yield strip(os.path.normpath(path)), \
not os.path.isdir(path), path != item
def render_testapp(req):
try:
import pkg_resources
except ImportError:
eggs = ()
else:
eggs = sorted(pkg_resources.working_set,
key=lambda x: x.project_name.lower())
python_eggs = []
for egg in eggs:
try:
version = egg.version
except (ValueError, AttributeError):
version = 'unknown'
python_eggs.append('<li>%s <small>[%s]</small>' % (
escape(egg.project_name),
escape(version)
))
wsgi_env = []
sorted_environ = sorted(req.environ.items(),
key=lambda x: repr(x[0]).lower())
for key, value in sorted_environ:
wsgi_env.append('<tr><th>%s<td><code>%s</code>' % (
escape(str(key)),
' '.join(wrap(escape(repr(value))))
))
sys_path = []
for item, virtual, expanded in iter_sys_path():
class_ = []
if virtual:
class_.append('virtual')
if expanded:
class_.append('exp')
sys_path.append('<li%s>%s' % (
class_ and ' class="%s"' % ' '.join(class_) or '',
escape(item)
))
return (TEMPLATE % {
'python_version': '<br>'.join(escape(sys.version).splitlines()),
'platform': escape(sys.platform),
'os': escape(os.name),
'api_version': sys.api_version,
'byteorder': sys.byteorder,
'werkzeug_version': werkzeug.__version__,
'python_eggs': '\n'.join(python_eggs),
'wsgi_env': '\n'.join(wsgi_env),
'sys_path': '\n'.join(sys_path)
}).encode('utf-8')
def test_app(environ, start_response):
"""Simple test application that dumps the environment. You can use
it to check if Werkzeug is working properly:
.. sourcecode:: pycon
>>> from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
>>> from werkzeug.testapp import test_app
>>> run_simple('localhost', 3000, test_app)
* Running on http://localhost:3000/
The application displays important information from the WSGI environment,
the Python interpreter and the installed libraries.
"""
req = Request(environ, populate_request=False)
if req.args.get('resource') == 'logo':
response = logo
else:
response = Response(render_testapp(req), mimetype='text/html')
return response(environ, start_response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
run_simple('localhost', 5000, test_app, use_reloader=True)

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.useragents
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module provides a helper to inspect user agent strings. This module
is far from complete but should work for most of the currently available
browsers.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
class UserAgentParser(object):
"""A simple user agent parser. Used by the `UserAgent`."""
platforms = (
('cros', 'chromeos'),
('iphone|ios', 'iphone'),
('ipad', 'ipad'),
(r'darwin|mac|os\s*x', 'macos'),
('win', 'windows'),
(r'android', 'android'),
('netbsd', 'netbsd'),
('openbsd', 'openbsd'),
('freebsd', 'freebsd'),
('dragonfly', 'dragonflybsd'),
('(sun|i86)os', 'solaris'),
(r'x11|lin(\b|ux)?', 'linux'),
(r'nintendo\s+wii', 'wii'),
('irix', 'irix'),
('hp-?ux', 'hpux'),
('aix', 'aix'),
('sco|unix_sv', 'sco'),
('bsd', 'bsd'),
('amiga', 'amiga'),
('blackberry|playbook', 'blackberry'),
('symbian', 'symbian')
)
browsers = (
('googlebot', 'google'),
('msnbot', 'msn'),
('yahoo', 'yahoo'),
('ask jeeves', 'ask'),
(r'aol|america\s+online\s+browser', 'aol'),
('opera', 'opera'),
('chrome', 'chrome'),
('seamonkey', 'seamonkey'),
('firefox|firebird|phoenix|iceweasel', 'firefox'),
('galeon', 'galeon'),
('safari|version', 'safari'),
('webkit', 'webkit'),
('camino', 'camino'),
('konqueror', 'konqueror'),
('k-meleon', 'kmeleon'),
('netscape', 'netscape'),
(r'msie|microsoft\s+internet\s+explorer|trident/.+? rv:', 'msie'),
('lynx', 'lynx'),
('links', 'links'),
('Baiduspider', 'baidu'),
('bingbot', 'bing'),
('mozilla', 'mozilla')
)
_browser_version_re = r'(?:%s)[/\sa-z(]*(\d+[.\da-z]+)?'
_language_re = re.compile(
r'(?:;\s*|\s+)(\b\w{2}\b(?:-\b\w{2}\b)?)\s*;|'
r'(?:\(|\[|;)\s*(\b\w{2}\b(?:-\b\w{2}\b)?)\s*(?:\]|\)|;)'
)
def __init__(self):
self.platforms = [(b, re.compile(a, re.I)) for a, b in self.platforms]
self.browsers = [(b, re.compile(self._browser_version_re % a, re.I))
for a, b in self.browsers]
def __call__(self, user_agent):
for platform, regex in self.platforms:
match = regex.search(user_agent)
if match is not None:
break
else:
platform = None
for browser, regex in self.browsers:
match = regex.search(user_agent)
if match is not None:
version = match.group(1)
break
else:
browser = version = None
match = self._language_re.search(user_agent)
if match is not None:
language = match.group(1) or match.group(2)
else:
language = None
return platform, browser, version, language
class UserAgent(object):
"""Represents a user agent. Pass it a WSGI environment or a user agent
string and you can inspect some of the details from the user agent
string via the attributes. The following attributes exist:
.. attribute:: string
the raw user agent string
.. attribute:: platform
the browser platform. The following platforms are currently
recognized:
- `aix`
- `amiga`
- `android`
- `bsd`
- `chromeos`
- `hpux`
- `iphone`
- `ipad`
- `irix`
- `linux`
- `macos`
- `sco`
- `solaris`
- `wii`
- `windows`
.. attribute:: browser
the name of the browser. The following browsers are currently
recognized:
- `aol` *
- `ask` *
- `camino`
- `chrome`
- `firefox`
- `galeon`
- `google` *
- `kmeleon`
- `konqueror`
- `links`
- `lynx`
- `msie`
- `msn`
- `netscape`
- `opera`
- `safari`
- `seamonkey`
- `webkit`
- `yahoo` *
(Browsers maked with a star (``*``) are crawlers.)
.. attribute:: version
the version of the browser
.. attribute:: language
the language of the browser
"""
_parser = UserAgentParser()
def __init__(self, environ_or_string):
if isinstance(environ_or_string, dict):
environ_or_string = environ_or_string.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT', '')
self.string = environ_or_string
self.platform, self.browser, self.version, self.language = \
self._parser(environ_or_string)
def to_header(self):
return self.string
def __str__(self):
return self.string
def __nonzero__(self):
return bool(self.browser)
__bool__ = __nonzero__
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %r/%s>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.browser,
self.version
)
# conceptionally this belongs in this module but because we want to lazily
# load the user agent module (which happens in wrappers.py) we have to import
# it afterwards. The class itself has the module set to this module so
# pickle, inspect and similar modules treat the object as if it was really
# implemented here.
from werkzeug.wrappers import UserAgentMixin # noqa

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements various utilities for WSGI applications. Most of
them are used by the request and response wrappers but especially for
middleware development it makes sense to use them without the wrappers.
:copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
import os
import sys
import pkgutil
try:
from html.entities import name2codepoint
except ImportError:
from htmlentitydefs import name2codepoint
from werkzeug._compat import unichr, text_type, string_types, iteritems, \
reraise, PY2
from werkzeug._internal import _DictAccessorProperty, \
_parse_signature, _missing
_format_re = re.compile(r'\$(?:(%s)|\{(%s)\})' % (('[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*',) * 2))
_entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
_filename_ascii_strip_re = re.compile(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_.-]')
_windows_device_files = ('CON', 'AUX', 'COM1', 'COM2', 'COM3', 'COM4', 'LPT1',
'LPT2', 'LPT3', 'PRN', 'NUL')
class cached_property(property):
"""A decorator that converts a function into a lazy property. The
function wrapped is called the first time to retrieve the result
and then that calculated result is used the next time you access
the value::
class Foo(object):
@cached_property
def foo(self):
# calculate something important here
return 42
The class has to have a `__dict__` in order for this property to
work.
"""
# implementation detail: A subclass of python's builtin property
# decorator, we override __get__ to check for a cached value. If one
# choses to invoke __get__ by hand the property will still work as
# expected because the lookup logic is replicated in __get__ for
# manual invocation.
def __init__(self, func, name=None, doc=None):
self.__name__ = name or func.__name__
self.__module__ = func.__module__
self.__doc__ = doc or func.__doc__
self.func = func
def __set__(self, obj, value):
obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = value
def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
if obj is None:
return self
value = obj.__dict__.get(self.__name__, _missing)
if value is _missing:
value = self.func(obj)
obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = value
return value
class environ_property(_DictAccessorProperty):
"""Maps request attributes to environment variables. This works not only
for the Werzeug request object, but also any other class with an
environ attribute:
>>> class Test(object):
... environ = {'key': 'value'}
... test = environ_property('key')
>>> var = Test()
>>> var.test
'value'
If you pass it a second value it's used as default if the key does not
exist, the third one can be a converter that takes a value and converts
it. If it raises :exc:`ValueError` or :exc:`TypeError` the default value
is used. If no default value is provided `None` is used.
Per default the property is read only. You have to explicitly enable it
by passing ``read_only=False`` to the constructor.
"""
read_only = True
def lookup(self, obj):
return obj.environ
class header_property(_DictAccessorProperty):
"""Like `environ_property` but for headers."""
def lookup(self, obj):
return obj.headers
class HTMLBuilder(object):
"""Helper object for HTML generation.
Per default there are two instances of that class. The `html` one, and
the `xhtml` one for those two dialects. The class uses keyword parameters
and positional parameters to generate small snippets of HTML.
Keyword parameters are converted to XML/SGML attributes, positional
arguments are used as children. Because Python accepts positional
arguments before keyword arguments it's a good idea to use a list with the
star-syntax for some children:
>>> html.p(class_='foo', *[html.a('foo', href='foo.html'), ' ',
... html.a('bar', href='bar.html')])
u'<p class="foo"><a href="foo.html">foo</a> <a href="bar.html">bar</a></p>'
This class works around some browser limitations and can not be used for
arbitrary SGML/XML generation. For that purpose lxml and similar
libraries exist.
Calling the builder escapes the string passed:
>>> html.p(html("<foo>"))
u'<p>&lt;foo&gt;</p>'
"""
_entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
_entities = name2codepoint.copy()
_entities['apos'] = 39
_empty_elements = set([
'area', 'base', 'basefont', 'br', 'col', 'command', 'embed', 'frame',
'hr', 'img', 'input', 'keygen', 'isindex', 'link', 'meta', 'param',
'source', 'wbr'
])
_boolean_attributes = set([
'selected', 'checked', 'compact', 'declare', 'defer', 'disabled',
'ismap', 'multiple', 'nohref', 'noresize', 'noshade', 'nowrap'
])
_plaintext_elements = set(['textarea'])
_c_like_cdata = set(['script', 'style'])
def __init__(self, dialect):
self._dialect = dialect
def __call__(self, s):
return escape(s)
def __getattr__(self, tag):
if tag[:2] == '__':
raise AttributeError(tag)
def proxy(*children, **arguments):
buffer = '<' + tag
for key, value in iteritems(arguments):
if value is None:
continue
if key[-1] == '_':
key = key[:-1]
if key in self._boolean_attributes:
if not value:
continue
if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
value = '="' + key + '"'
else:
value = ''
else:
value = '="' + escape(value) + '"'
buffer += ' ' + key + value
if not children and tag in self._empty_elements:
if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
buffer += ' />'
else:
buffer += '>'
return buffer
buffer += '>'
children_as_string = ''.join([text_type(x) for x in children
if x is not None])
if children_as_string:
if tag in self._plaintext_elements:
children_as_string = escape(children_as_string)
elif tag in self._c_like_cdata and self._dialect == 'xhtml':
children_as_string = '/*<![CDATA[*/' + \
children_as_string + '/*]]>*/'
buffer += children_as_string + '</' + tag + '>'
return buffer
return proxy
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s for %r>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self._dialect
)
html = HTMLBuilder('html')
xhtml = HTMLBuilder('xhtml')
def get_content_type(mimetype, charset):
"""Returns the full content type string with charset for a mimetype.
If the mimetype represents text the charset will be appended as charset
parameter, otherwise the mimetype is returned unchanged.
:param mimetype: the mimetype to be used as content type.
:param charset: the charset to be appended in case it was a text mimetype.
:return: the content type.
"""
if mimetype.startswith('text/') or \
mimetype == 'application/xml' or \
(mimetype.startswith('application/') and
mimetype.endswith('+xml')):
mimetype += '; charset=' + charset
return mimetype
def format_string(string, context):
"""String-template format a string:
>>> format_string('$foo and ${foo}s', dict(foo=42))
'42 and 42s'
This does not do any attribute lookup etc. For more advanced string
formattings have a look at the `werkzeug.template` module.
:param string: the format string.
:param context: a dict with the variables to insert.
"""
def lookup_arg(match):
x = context[match.group(1) or match.group(2)]
if not isinstance(x, string_types):
x = type(string)(x)
return x
return _format_re.sub(lookup_arg, string)
def secure_filename(filename):
r"""Pass it a filename and it will return a secure version of it. This
filename can then safely be stored on a regular file system and passed
to :func:`os.path.join`. The filename returned is an ASCII only string
for maximum portability.
On windows systems the function also makes sure that the file is not
named after one of the special device files.
>>> secure_filename("My cool movie.mov")
'My_cool_movie.mov'
>>> secure_filename("../../../etc/passwd")
'etc_passwd'
>>> secure_filename(u'i contain cool \xfcml\xe4uts.txt')
'i_contain_cool_umlauts.txt'
The function might return an empty filename. It's your responsibility
to ensure that the filename is unique and that you generate random
filename if the function returned an empty one.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param filename: the filename to secure
"""
if isinstance(filename, text_type):
from unicodedata import normalize
filename = normalize('NFKD', filename).encode('ascii', 'ignore')
if not PY2:
filename = filename.decode('ascii')
for sep in os.path.sep, os.path.altsep:
if sep:
filename = filename.replace(sep, ' ')
filename = str(_filename_ascii_strip_re.sub('', '_'.join(
filename.split()))).strip('._')
# on nt a couple of special files are present in each folder. We
# have to ensure that the target file is not such a filename. In
# this case we prepend an underline
if os.name == 'nt' and filename and \
filename.split('.')[0].upper() in _windows_device_files:
filename = '_' + filename
return filename
def escape(s, quote=None):
"""Replace special characters "&", "<", ">" and (") to HTML-safe sequences.
There is a special handling for `None` which escapes to an empty string.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
`quote` is now implicitly on.
:param s: the string to escape.
:param quote: ignored.
"""
if s is None:
return ''
elif hasattr(s, '__html__'):
return text_type(s.__html__())
elif not isinstance(s, string_types):
s = text_type(s)
if quote is not None:
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('quote parameter is implicit now'), stacklevel=2)
s = s.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;') \
.replace('>', '&gt;').replace('"', "&quot;")
return s
def unescape(s):
"""The reverse function of `escape`. This unescapes all the HTML
entities, not only the XML entities inserted by `escape`.
:param s: the string to unescape.
"""
def handle_match(m):
name = m.group(1)
if name in HTMLBuilder._entities:
return unichr(HTMLBuilder._entities[name])
try:
if name[:2] in ('#x', '#X'):
return unichr(int(name[2:], 16))
elif name.startswith('#'):
return unichr(int(name[1:]))
except ValueError:
pass
return u''
return _entity_re.sub(handle_match, s)
def redirect(location, code=302, Response=None):
"""Returns a response object (a WSGI application) that, if called,
redirects the client to the target location. Supported codes are 301,
302, 303, 305, and 307. 300 is not supported because it's not a real
redirect and 304 because it's the answer for a request with a request
with defined If-Modified-Since headers.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
The location can now be a unicode string that is encoded using
the :func:`iri_to_uri` function.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
The class used for the Response object can now be passed in.
:param location: the location the response should redirect to.
:param code: the redirect status code. defaults to 302.
:param class Response: a Response class to use when instantiating a
response. The default is :class:`werkzeug.wrappers.Response` if
unspecified.
"""
if Response is None:
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
display_location = escape(location)
if isinstance(location, text_type):
# Safe conversion is necessary here as we might redirect
# to a broken URI scheme (for instance itms-services).
from werkzeug.urls import iri_to_uri
location = iri_to_uri(location, safe_conversion=True)
response = Response(
'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
'<title>Redirecting...</title>\n'
'<h1>Redirecting...</h1>\n'
'<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL: '
'<a href="%s">%s</a>. If not click the link.' %
(escape(location), display_location), code, mimetype='text/html')
response.headers['Location'] = location
return response
def append_slash_redirect(environ, code=301):
"""Redirects to the same URL but with a slash appended. The behavior
of this function is undefined if the path ends with a slash already.
:param environ: the WSGI environment for the request that triggers
the redirect.
:param code: the status code for the redirect.
"""
new_path = environ['PATH_INFO'].strip('/') + '/'
query_string = environ.get('QUERY_STRING')
if query_string:
new_path += '?' + query_string
return redirect(new_path, code)
def import_string(import_name, silent=False):
"""Imports an object based on a string. This is useful if you want to
use import paths as endpoints or something similar. An import path can
be specified either in dotted notation (``xml.sax.saxutils.escape``)
or with a colon as object delimiter (``xml.sax.saxutils:escape``).
If `silent` is True the return value will be `None` if the import fails.
:param import_name: the dotted name for the object to import.
:param silent: if set to `True` import errors are ignored and
`None` is returned instead.
:return: imported object
"""
# force the import name to automatically convert to strings
# __import__ is not able to handle unicode strings in the fromlist
# if the module is a package
import_name = str(import_name).replace(':', '.')
try:
try:
__import__(import_name)
except ImportError:
if '.' not in import_name:
raise
else:
return sys.modules[import_name]
module_name, obj_name = import_name.rsplit('.', 1)
try:
module = __import__(module_name, None, None, [obj_name])
except ImportError:
# support importing modules not yet set up by the parent module
# (or package for that matter)
module = import_string(module_name)
try:
return getattr(module, obj_name)
except AttributeError as e:
raise ImportError(e)
except ImportError as e:
if not silent:
reraise(
ImportStringError,
ImportStringError(import_name, e),
sys.exc_info()[2])
def find_modules(import_path, include_packages=False, recursive=False):
"""Finds all the modules below a package. This can be useful to
automatically import all views / controllers so that their metaclasses /
function decorators have a chance to register themselves on the
application.
Packages are not returned unless `include_packages` is `True`. This can
also recursively list modules but in that case it will import all the
packages to get the correct load path of that module.
:param import_name: the dotted name for the package to find child modules.
:param include_packages: set to `True` if packages should be returned, too.
:param recursive: set to `True` if recursion should happen.
:return: generator
"""
module = import_string(import_path)
path = getattr(module, '__path__', None)
if path is None:
raise ValueError('%r is not a package' % import_path)
basename = module.__name__ + '.'
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(path):
modname = basename + modname
if ispkg:
if include_packages:
yield modname
if recursive:
for item in find_modules(modname, include_packages, True):
yield item
else:
yield modname
def validate_arguments(func, args, kwargs, drop_extra=True):
"""Checks if the function accepts the arguments and keyword arguments.
Returns a new ``(args, kwargs)`` tuple that can safely be passed to
the function without causing a `TypeError` because the function signature
is incompatible. If `drop_extra` is set to `True` (which is the default)
any extra positional or keyword arguments are dropped automatically.
The exception raised provides three attributes:
`missing`
A set of argument names that the function expected but where
missing.
`extra`
A dict of keyword arguments that the function can not handle but
where provided.
`extra_positional`
A list of values that where given by positional argument but the
function cannot accept.
This can be useful for decorators that forward user submitted data to
a view function::
from werkzeug.utils import ArgumentValidationError, validate_arguments
def sanitize(f):
def proxy(request):
data = request.values.to_dict()
try:
args, kwargs = validate_arguments(f, (request,), data)
except ArgumentValidationError:
raise BadRequest('The browser failed to transmit all '
'the data expected.')
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return proxy
:param func: the function the validation is performed against.
:param args: a tuple of positional arguments.
:param kwargs: a dict of keyword arguments.
:param drop_extra: set to `False` if you don't want extra arguments
to be silently dropped.
:return: tuple in the form ``(args, kwargs)``.
"""
parser = _parse_signature(func)
args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional = parser(args, kwargs)[:5]
if missing:
raise ArgumentValidationError(tuple(missing))
elif (extra or extra_positional) and not drop_extra:
raise ArgumentValidationError(None, extra, extra_positional)
return tuple(args), kwargs
def bind_arguments(func, args, kwargs):
"""Bind the arguments provided into a dict. When passed a function,
a tuple of arguments and a dict of keyword arguments `bind_arguments`
returns a dict of names as the function would see it. This can be useful
to implement a cache decorator that uses the function arguments to build
the cache key based on the values of the arguments.
:param func: the function the arguments should be bound for.
:param args: tuple of positional arguments.
:param kwargs: a dict of keyword arguments.
:return: a :class:`dict` of bound keyword arguments.
"""
args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional, \
arg_spec, vararg_var, kwarg_var = _parse_signature(func)(args, kwargs)
values = {}
for (name, has_default, default), value in zip(arg_spec, args):
values[name] = value
if vararg_var is not None:
values[vararg_var] = tuple(extra_positional)
elif extra_positional:
raise TypeError('too many positional arguments')
if kwarg_var is not None:
multikw = set(extra) & set([x[0] for x in arg_spec])
if multikw:
raise TypeError('got multiple values for keyword argument ' +
repr(next(iter(multikw))))
values[kwarg_var] = extra
elif extra:
raise TypeError('got unexpected keyword argument ' +
repr(next(iter(extra))))
return values
class ArgumentValidationError(ValueError):
"""Raised if :func:`validate_arguments` fails to validate"""
def __init__(self, missing=None, extra=None, extra_positional=None):
self.missing = set(missing or ())
self.extra = extra or {}
self.extra_positional = extra_positional or []
ValueError.__init__(self, 'function arguments invalid. ('
'%d missing, %d additional)' % (
len(self.missing),
len(self.extra) + len(self.extra_positional)
))
class ImportStringError(ImportError):
"""Provides information about a failed :func:`import_string` attempt."""
#: String in dotted notation that failed to be imported.
import_name = None
#: Wrapped exception.
exception = None
def __init__(self, import_name, exception):
self.import_name = import_name
self.exception = exception
msg = (
'import_string() failed for %r. Possible reasons are:\n\n'
'- missing __init__.py in a package;\n'
'- package or module path not included in sys.path;\n'
'- duplicated package or module name taking precedence in '
'sys.path;\n'
'- missing module, class, function or variable;\n\n'
'Debugged import:\n\n%s\n\n'
'Original exception:\n\n%s: %s')
name = ''
tracked = []
for part in import_name.replace(':', '.').split('.'):
name += (name and '.') + part
imported = import_string(name, silent=True)
if imported:
tracked.append((name, getattr(imported, '__file__', None)))
else:
track = ['- %r found in %r.' % (n, i) for n, i in tracked]
track.append('- %r not found.' % name)
msg = msg % (import_name, '\n'.join(track),
exception.__class__.__name__, str(exception))
break
ImportError.__init__(self, msg)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s(%r, %r)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.import_name,
self.exception)
# DEPRECATED
# these objects were previously in this module as well. we import
# them here for backwards compatibility with old pickles.
from werkzeug.datastructures import ( # noqa
MultiDict, CombinedMultiDict, Headers, EnvironHeaders)
from werkzeug.http import parse_cookie, dump_cookie # noqa

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